!• * • • * • • 
* DEMOCRACY * 



* MOLEY & COOK ^ 

• • • * • 1^ • • 

' ' '■••••• 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS 
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited 

LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd, 

TORONTO 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

For Use in Adult Immigrant Classes 



BY 
RAYMOND MOLEY, Ph.D. 

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 

SOMETIME DIRECTOR OF AMERICANIZATION 

OHIO BRANCH OF THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

AND 

HULDAH FLORENCE COOK 

SUPERVISOR OF INSTRUCTION 

EXTENSION SCHOOLS 

AKRON, OHIO 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

1919 

All rights reserved 



>A«« 



^'<';a 



Copyright, 1919, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1919. 



NOV 19 1919 



Nortooot) ^rfBB 

J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



(S)CI.A5;357aB 



FOREWORD 

This book nas been prepared to assist newcomers 
in America to acquire a working knowledge of the 
duties and pri\dleges of citizenship. It has been 
written for readers whose knowledge of the language 
is limited and whose previous education has not 
been extensive. Nevertheless ^ every effort has been 
made to use facts of interest to mature minds. 

While primarily designed for use in schools, it is 
hoped that it may serve a much wider group than 
those who attend adult immigrant classes. Most 
immigrants never attend formal classes. Their 
knowledge of English is picked up in the associa- 
tions of daily life. This book should find a useful 
place among those who do not attend American 
schools. It may thus supplement as well as assist 
in the institutionalized process of education. 

As a text for schools it is intended for two types of 
students. It may ^I^e* ? ^d . -as a supplementary 
reader in beginning English classes and as a text 
for more advanced students. In this way the 
learning of the language may go hand in hand with 
the acquisition of information concerning American 



vi FOREWORD 

institutions. The second type of student that may 
find it useful is the candidate for naturaHzation. 
It is now ahuost universal for judges granting 
citizenship to recpire of all candidates an elemen- 
taiy knowledge of American institutions. The 
information most commonly required is presented 
herein in a simple and convenient form. 

The vocal)ulaiy has been carefully adjusted to 
the a])ility of the beginner. The first lessons are 
therefore much simpler than the later ones, and the 
more difficult and abstract facts are reserved for 
the last pages of the book. 

Eveiy lesson presented here has been actually 
taught in classes and adjusted to the practical con- 
ditions which have been thus revealed. Most of 
those lessons have been used in the immigrant schools 
of Cleveland. 

An attempt has been made to avoid the extreme 
localism of many courses in civics. We believe 
that good citizenship consists in much more than an 
ability to live usefully in a small community. Civics 
texts in seeking to be practical often overemphasize 
the concerns of the local community at the ex-pense 
of broader national affairs, and while they may de- 
velop community interest, they fail to produce a 
citizenship witli broad national and international 
ideals. We have sought to retain the benefits 



FOREWORD Vll 

of the newer civic education while at the same time, 

we have presented adequately the national concerns 

of the citizen, which have been made so important 

by the Great War. 

To the teachers and officials associated with us 

in Americanization work in Cleveland who have 

greatly assisted in the practical development and 

application of this course of study, acknowledgment 

is gratefully made. 

R M. 

H. F. C. 

June, 1919. 



CONTENTS 

PART I. THE MEANING OF DEMOCRACY 



1. Working Together . . . . . 

2. Working Together to Make a Steel Rail 

3. A Cooperation Owned and Managed by the 

Workers 

4. Our Free Government is a Cooperation Owned 

and Managed by the Citizens .... 



10 



PART II. THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN 
DEMOCRACY 

1. The Beginning of the American Democracy 

2. Great Changes in American Life 

3. The New Struggle for Democracy 

4. Great American Citizens 

5. American Holidays 

6. The Meaning of the Flag 

7. Our Nation, the United States 



13 
20 
26 
32 
40 
45 
48 



PART III. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE 
DEMOCRACY 

1. Our Constitution . 53 

2. The Powers of the States and the Powers of 

the Nation 55 

3. The National Government 56 

4. How the Government of the Nation Serves 

THE Public .62 

5. How THE States are Governed , . . . 70 

ix 



X CONTENTS 

LESSON PAGE 

6. How THE Government of the State Serves the 

Public 73 

7. How the Cities are Governed .... 76 

8. Laws and the Courts 80 

9. How the People Pay for the Government . 86 

PART IV. THE CITIZEN IN THE COMMUNITY 

1. The Work of the Community .... 90 

2. Protection of Health 90 

3. Charities 101 

4. Education 105 

5. Protection of Life and Property . . .111 

6. Recreation 116 

7. Our Beautiful City 120 

PART V. THE CITIZEN AND HIS WORK 

1. Opportunities for Work 126 

2. How TO Find Work 127 

3. How TO Advance in Work 130 

4. A Letter Applying for Work . . . .132 

5. Spending Money and Saving Money . . . 135 

6. Labor and Capital 138 

7. The Unions 146 

PART VI. CITIZENSHIP IN A DEMOCRACY 

1. Citizenship — Its Rights and Duties. . . 150 

2. How Laws are Made 154 

3. Political Parties 157 

4. Electing Public Officers 160 

5. Steps in Taking Out Citizenship Papers . . 164 



PRESIDENT WILSON'S GREETING TO NEW 
CITIZENS AT PHILADELPHIA IN 1915 

It is a very interesting circumstance to me, in thinking 
of those of you who have just sworn allegiance to this great 
Government, that you were drawn across the ocean by some 
beckoning finger of hope, by some belief, by some vision of 
a new kind of justice, by some expectation of a better kind 
of life. No doubt you have been disappointed in some of 
us. Some of us are very disappointing. No doubt you 
have found that justice in the United States goes only with 
a pure heart and a right purpose as it. does everywhere else 
in the world. No doubt what you found here did not seem 
touched for you, after all, with the complete beauty of the 
ideal which you had conceived beforehand. But remember 
this : If we had grown at all poor in the ideal, you brought 
some of it with you. A man does not go out to seek the 
thing that is not in him. A man does not hope for the thing 
that he does not believe in, and if some of us have forgotten 
what America believed in, you, at any rate, imported in 
your own hearts a renewal of the belief. That is the reason 
that I, for one, make you welcome. If I have in any degree 
forgotten what America was intended for, I will thank God 
if you will remind me. I was born in America. You 
dreamed dreams of what America was to be, and I hope you 
brought the dreams with you. No man that does not 
see visions will ever realize any high hope or undertake any 
high enterprise. Just because you brought dreams with 
you, America is more likely to realize dreams such as you 
brought. You are enriching us if you came expecting us 
to be better than we are. 

******* 

You have come into this great Nation voluntarily seeking 
something that we have to give, and all that we have to 
give is this : We cannot exempt you from work ; no man is 
exempt from work anywhere in the world. We cannot ex- 
empt you from the strife and the heartbreaking burden of 
the struggle of the day ; that is common to mankind every- 
where. We cannot exempt you from the loads that you must 
carry ; we can only make them light by the spirit in which 
they are carried. That is the spirit of hope, it is the spirit 
of liberty, it is the spirit of justice. 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

PART ONE 

THE MEANING OF DEMOCRACY 

LESSON 1 
WORKING TOGETHER 

We must all work to earn a living. 

But we do not work alone. We work together 
with other people. We work in the factories, 
stores, shops, and mines. 

Hundreds and hundreds of people work there. 

Some of us do one kind of work ; others do some 
other kind of work. 

In the shops and factories there are great machines. 

They help us to make many things that we need. 

The railroad trains and ships carry these things 
from one place to another. 

Machines, railroads, and ships help us to get what 
we need. 

Because of the machines, railroads, and ships, 
many hundreds of people can work together. 

B 1 



2 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

By working together we can supply our needs in a 
quicker and better way than by working alone. 

But what do we really mean by working together ? 

This is sometimes very hard to understand. 

Let us see how people work together to make a 
steel rail 



LESSON 2 

WORKING TOGETHER TO 
MAKE A STEEL RAIL 

Street cars run on steel rails. 

Trains run on steel rails. 

Steel rails are of great importance to ever^^one. 

A steel rail is made from iron ore. 

If we go to the Lake Superioi* shores, we shall find 
great deposits of iron ore. 

Many thousands of men are working here. They 
take the iron ore from the mines. 

They go down into the mines on elevators which 
pass through shafts. 

They bring up the ore on the elevators. 

Other men load the ore upon the trains. 

The trains carr}' the ore down to the lake and load 
it upon the steamships waiting at the docks. 

Let us look for a moment at the fine big steamships. 



WORKING TOGETHER TO MAKE A STEEL RAIL 3 




4 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

They can cany many thousands of tons of ore 
down the lakes to the ports of Lake Erie. 

Th^e are many men working on the steamships. 
There are captains, mates, engineers, firemen, deck 
hands, wheelsmen, and many others. They see that 
the steamships cany the precious iron ore safely to 
port. 

Soon the ship reaches some port on Lake Erie. 
Here are hundreds of men at the docks. 

They are waiting to help the big unloading ma- 
chines unload the ore from the ships and load it 
upon the trains. 

The trains will cany the ore to Pennsylvania where 
the big furnaces will smelt the ore into steel. 

On the trains are engineers, firemen, brakemen, 
signalmen, and conductors. All help to keep the 
trains ninning. 

Taking the ore from one place to another like this 
is called transportation of the ore. 

The ore must be transported to the Pennsylvania 
blast furnaces. There we shall find the coal needed 
for smelting. 

Now let us visit the coal mines of Pennsylvania. 

Here we find other men who are doing their share 
toward making the steel rail. 

Wliile the men up on the shores of Lake Superior 
have been working together to take the ore from the 



WORKING TOGETHER TO MAKE A STEEL RAIL 5 




6 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

mines, these men in the coal mines have been busy, 
too. 

The miners work with picks and shovels. They 
break loose the black, shining coal. 

Often the use of dynamite helps them to shatter 
large masses which they cannot loosen with picks and 
shovels. 

Sometimes the miners' work is quite dangerous. 
Gases cause explosions. The miners must be pro- 
tected against such dangers. 

In the mines are men and women who do nothing 
but look after the safety of the workers. 

As the miners dig the coal, they load it upon little 
tram cars. 

Some of the men operate these cars and send the 
coal to the surface. 

Other men then send it to the great coal 
'^ breaker." 

The breaker-boys are watching, ready to sort and 
clean the coal as soon as it comes in. 

Now the coal is finally ready to send to the blast 
furnaces where the steel rail is to be made. 

At the bottom of one of these great furnaces a 
coke fire is started. On top of the fire is dumped a 
mass of iron ore. Then a layer of lime is put on the 
iron ore, and on top of this are other layers of coke, 
ii-on ore, and Ume. 



WORKING TOGETHER TO MAKE A STEEL RAIL 7 

There is a blast pipe below, through which a strong 
draft is driven, and a stack above, through which the 
smoke and gases escape. 

The fierce heat gradually melts the ore into iron, 
which is later changed into steel. 




Blast furnaces where men smelt the iron ore into steel. 



8 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The steel then flows into a mold and forms a 
steel ingot. 

The steel ingot is then sent to the foundry, where 
in a few hours it is made into a steel rail. 

Many people helped to make the steel rail. 

There were the men taking the iron ore from the 
mines. 

There were the railroad men on the trains and the 
sailors on the ships. They transported the iron ore. 

The shipbuilders and carbuilders built the ships 
and the cars for carr^dng the coal and iron ore. 

The miners in the coal mines and all their helpers 
supplied the coal. 

While these people were working directly to make 
the steel rail, others worked together to supply food, 
clothing, and shelter. 

We must not forget the farmers who raised the 
food. 

We must not forget the housewives who prepared 
the food. 

We must not forget the factory workers who made 
the clothing, and the carpenters and builders who 
built the homes in which the workers live. 

Thus we see how all these people worked together 
to make the steel rail. 

Working together like this for a common purpose 
is called ^^cooperation." 



A COOPERATION OWNED BY THE WORKERS 9 

In ever}4hing you will see cooperation for one 
purpose or another. 



LESSON 3 

A COOPERATION OWNED AND 
MANAGED BY THE WORKERS 

We have just seen how people cooperate to make 
the steel rail. 

Let us visit the Fruit Growers' Association in 
California. 

Here the people not only work together to raise 
fruit, but also have ownership in the cooperation. 

Each person has his share of work to do. 

Some of the workers keep the fruit orchards clean. 
Some pick the fruit. 

Others help to pack the fruit for shipment. 

Some of the workers keep books and look after 
the business side. 

Since the workers own the business, they all have 
a voice in managing it. 

They have regular meetings. They elect officers 
to run the Association. 

The officers represent the workers. They are the 
serv^ants of the workers. 

They make laws and rules which govern all the 



10 LESSOXS I\ DEMOCRACY 

workers. They look after the buying and seUing 
and managing, because the workers have no time to 
do this. 

A\'hen the laws do not suit the majority of the 
workers, they change them. 

If the officers do not iTin the Association properly, 
the workers recall them and elect new officers. 

In this cooperation people cooperate in two ways : 

First, they cooperate to raise the fruit. 

Secondly, they cooperate in managing or govern- 
ing the Association. 

Can you think of any cooperations wliich are run 
in this way ? 

LESSON 4 

OUR FREE GOVERNiMENT IS A COOPERA- 
TION OWNED AND MANAGED BY THE 
CITIZENS 

We have seen how the people cooperate to make 
steel rails. 

We have seen how people not onh' cooperate to 
supply the fruit, but also cooperate in managing or 
governing the cooperation. 

Now we shall study the biggest kind of coopera- 
tion of all. 

We shall study the cooperation in government. 



OUR FREE GOVERNMENT A COOPERATION 11 

The people of the great cities and the nation need 
many things. 

They cannot satisfy all these needs by working 
alone. 

They need to be protected from disease, from 
lawless people, and from enemies. 




Copyright by Underwood and Underwood. 

Men and women at the polls voting to elect public 
officers. 

There must be help for poor people, old people, 
and for all others who cannot care for themselves. 

The people must have education so that they can 
live together and work together. 

There must be good roads and bridges for people 
to travel on. 



12 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

How are these things done for the people ? 

They are done through a big cooperation called 
Government. 

All the people who take part in this big cooperation 
are called Citizens. 

Each citizen has his own kind of work to do. 

In addition he also takes part in the government 
of the big cooperation. j 

It is like a great society. 

The members of the society are citizens. 

They elect officers and make rules or laws for 
governing the society. 

The officers represent the people. They are the 
servants of the people just as the officers of the Fruit 
Growers' Association are servants of the workers. 

\Yhi\e the citizens are busy with their own work, 
they cannot directly satisfy all their needs. The 
public officers help them to do this. 

If the officers do not satisfy the people, others may 
be chosen instead. 

Such a big cooperation is called a Free Govern- 
ment or a Democracy, because all the citizens own 
it and take part in managing it. 



PART TWO 

THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN 
DEMOCRACY 

LESSON 1 

THE BEGINNING OF THE AMERICAN 
DEMOCRACY 

The United States is a great democracy in which 
the people rule and make their own laws. 

How did the United States become a democracy? 

We cannot understand this until we have read 
the story of the democracy. 

We must go back to the beginnmg of this nation. 

Columbus Discovers New Land 

Hundreds of years ago an Italian sailor named 
Christopher Columbus was one of the few men in 
Europe who believed that the earth was round. 

He thought that he could sail directly west and 
finally reach Asia. 

The merchants of that time were always looking 
for a new and shorter way to Asia. 

13 



14 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Columbus hoped to discover this new way. 

After a great deal of trouble he received help for 
his journey from the King and Queen of Spain. 

In August, 1492, Columbus set sail from Palos, 
Spain, over the Atlantic Ocean. 

AMien Columbus was far from land his men grew 
frightened. They wanted to turn back. But Co- 
lumbus encouraged them, so they kept on their 
journey. 

At last on October 12, 1492, they landed on an 
island which they named San Salvador. This was 
really an island of the New World. 

Columbus and his men declared it to be the land of 
the King of Spain. 

Columbus had looked for gold and riches. He 
found only a wild country in which lived strange 
people whom he called Indians. He returned to 
Spain and told the people about the New Land. 

He was veiy much disappointed with his journey. 
He had found no gold, and he had not found Asia. 

But he had discovered America. 

Other explorers later discovered more of the new 
land. Tlioy returned to Europe and told many 
stories about the wonderful new countiy. 

We have the braveiy of Columbus, the Italian 
sailor, to thank for the discovery of America. 



BEGINNING OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 15 




16 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



The First Immigrants 

When the people of Europe heard about this 
wonderful New Land they wanted to come here to 
make their homes. 

The first immigrants came from Spain, France, 
Holland, and England. 

They settled in colonies along the Atlantic coast. 




The family of one of our first immigrants. 

Most of the first immigrants came from England. 

That is why the language of this country is 
English. 

At that time the people of England were treated 
ver}^ cruelly by their rulers. 

They had no right to decide what religion they 
might have. 

The landlords took the lands away from the 
peasants. They had no way of making a living. 



BEGINNING OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 17 

When they had debts which they could not pay, 
they were thrown into prison. 

For these reasons the people came to America 
to make new and better homes where they could 
Hve in freedom. 

The first immigrants had a ver}^ hard time. 

Often they did not have enough to eat. 

They were in constant danger of being killed by 
wild animals and wild Indians. 

They had to protect themselves as well as they were 
able. 

Many immigrants kept coming, until in 1775 there 
were three million people li\dng in the thirteen 
Colonies along the Atlantic coast. 

Finally England took possession of the thirteen 
Colonies. 

The King of England sent over officers to govern 
the Colonies. 

The War for Independence 

Most of the first immigrants got their li\dng from 
the soil. 

They became independent farmers. They owned 
their own land. 

They had freedom in the new country. They were 
not like the peasants in Europe who had to obey their 
landlords. 



18 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

When the rulers of England saw how prosperous 
the Colonies were, they became jealous. 

England passed unjust laws, placing taxes on the 
colonists. 

But the colonists had no voice in the government 
which taxed them. 

At last they refused to obey the laws of the English 
King. 

A number of the leading m_en of the Colonies 
signed a statement that the Colonies should be 
independent. 

This was called the Declaration of Independence. 
It was signed on July 4, 1776. 

For seven years the Colonies fought hard for 
liberty and freedom. 

They fought not a people but a king, for many 
people in England were in sympathy with the 
Americans. 

The Colonies won the war for independence. 

In this war Ceorge Washington was a great 
leader. He did much to win the war for the 
Colonies. 

There were many foreign friends, too, who helped 
to win independence for this countiy. 

From France came Lafayette. 

From Poland came Kosciusko. 

From Bavaria came DeKalb. 



S^^^ISIT^^ 



BEOINNING of the AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 19 

America will long remember these foreign friends 
of democracy. 

The New Government 

At first the new nation had many troubles. 

Many people wanted a strong central government. 

Others were afraid of a strong central government. 

They remembered how^ England had oppressed 
them before the w^ar. 

But George Washington and many great leaders 
did much to overcome these troubles. They said 
that people would not be safe unless a strong govern- 
ment could be established. 

In a strong government there are laws. 

Laws should protect all people equally. 

The great leaders of the time laid the foundations 
of a government for the people and b}' the people. 

The new government was the first great republic 
in the world. 

In 1789 we began life under our new Constitution. 

In another lesson we shall read more about the 
Constitution and how it was made. 

George Washington became the first President of 
the United States. 

He w^as elected by the people. He served two 
terms and then retired. 

We have such men as Washington^ FrankHn, and 



20 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



Jefferson to thank for the beginnings of our govern- 
ment. 



LESSON 2 
GREAT CHANGES IN AMERICAN LIFE 

The Coming of the Machine 

At the time the 
Colonies were set- 
tled, most of the 
people were farm- 
ers. They lived and 
worked on farms. 

They could make 
for themselves most 
of the things they 
needed. 

Each farmer 
raised all the food 
needed by his fam- 

ily. 

The housewife 
and the daughters spun the yarn and made the 
clothing. 

The farmer and his family were independent. 
They worked alone. 




The wheel on which the house- 
wife SPUN THE YARN TO MAKE 
THE CLOTH. 



GREAT CHANGES IN AMERICAN LIFE 21 

There were onl}^ a few large towns and even these 
were not hke our great cities now. 

There were no railroads, and wagon roads were 
bad. 

The people of that time traveled very little. 

There was not much chance to csirry on trade. 

Then great changes took place in the country. 

Machines of all kinds were invented. 

Machines for making cloth more rapidly and better 
were invented. 

The steam engine came into use. 

The steamboat was invented. 

Railroads and canals were built. 

Great factories brought workers to the towns. 

Before long, small towns grew to be great cities. 

If it had not been for these inventions, the big 
cities like New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Buffalo, 
and Cleveland would never have been built. 

The machines changed the lives of the American 
people very much. 

The early American was an independent man 
because he could make for himself all the things that 
he needed. [ 

Now the people of America are all dependent upon 
one another. 

They must work together or cooperate in order to 
make a living. 



22 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 




GREAT CHANGES IN AMERICAN LIFE 23 

Each worker now learns to do one thing and to do 
it welL 

The articles he needs are made by other workers 
in other factories. 

Instead of building his own house, the worker now 
hires a house builder. 

The food he eats is produced by others. 

Shoes are made in one factory, clothing in another. 

Thus we see how the coming of the machine made 
very great changes in our whole country. 

Because of the machine industry, we have many 
serious questions which the government must take 
care of. 

There are questions about capital and labor. 

There are the questions about the employment of 
men, women, and children in the factories. 

There are questions about taxation. 

There must be regulation of railroads and in- 
dustries. 

There must be government of cities. 

The citizens must take part in the government. 

The Growth of the Nation 

After the coming of the machines, the United 
States grew very rapidly in size and population. 
Immigration increased very much. In 1803 a large 
territory was bought from France. 



24 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

This was called the Louisiana Purchase, and it 
included most of that part of the United States 
which lies west of the Mississippi River. 

Other territoiy was gained by the purchase of 
Florida and Alaska. 

The territoiy of California, New Mexico, and 
Arizona was taken from Mexico after a war with that 
country (1846-1848). 

Many great Americans believed that the war with 
Mexico was wrong. 

They said that it was wrong to take away land 
from another country. 

The people of the United States believe that it is 
wrong to carry on war only for conquest. 

The Civil War 

The Civil War was caused by a dispute between 
the northern and the southern states on account of 
slaveiy. 

In the South all the labor was done by negro slaves. 

In the North most of the labor was done by 
machiner}^ 

Because of this difference there was much trouble. 

For twenty years both the North and the South 
tried to avoid a civil war. But they did not succeed. 

Abraham Lincoln belonged to the party which 
opposed slavery. 



GREAT CHANGES IN AMERICAN LIFE 25 

After he was elected President in 1860, the southern 
states withdrew from the Union. 

They set up a government of their own. 

After the southern states withdrew from the Union, 
the Civil War began. 

The Civil War lasted four years, from. 1861 to 
1865. 

During the war Abraham Lincoln guided the 
North with great wisdom and power. 

In 1863 he proclaimed the freedom of the slaves. 

In 1865, when the war was over, Lincoln was killed 
by an assassin. 

After the Civil War 

When the war was over the South had learned a 
great lesson. 

It learned that all the states in the Union must be 
united. 

The North and the South soon forgot their differ- 
ences. 

They joined in building and developing the 
coimtry. 

Since the war thousands of miles of railroads have 
been built. 

Great cities have grown and immigrants have come 
to the United States from all parts of the world. 

They have become valuable and loyal citizens. 



2() LESSONS IX DEMOCRACY 

In ISDS there was a short war with Spain. 

After it was over the United States bought the 
Phihppine Islands^ and Cuba was given a free and 
independent government. 

LESSON 3 
THE NEW STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY 

The Great War for Democracy 

From the ])eginning the people of the United 
States have always fought for freedom and democ- 
racy. 

h\ 177() the}' fought for independence from a ty- 
rannical king. 

hi 1812 they fought for the rights of American 
citizens on the sea. 

The Civil War of 1861 gave freedom to the slaves. 

In 1917 the L^nited States began to fight for world 
democracy. 

How did the United States come into the great 
AVorldWar? 

Let us see. 

In 1914 the Great War began in Europe. 

The United States at first was neutral. That 
means that we did not favor one nation more than 
another, 



THE NEW STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY 27 

But Germany had committed a great wrong 
against Belgium at the beginning of the war. 

In 1839 the governments of Prussia, England, 
France, Austria, and Russia had agreed that Belgium 
should alwa3^s be a neutral state, that is, it should 
not be disturbed b}^ any other nation. 

In 1914 Germany broke this agreement. She 
sent armies through Belgium in order to attack 
France. 

These armies burned cities and villages and 
murdered men, women, and children. 

A^on Bethman-HoUweg, the German Chancellor, 
admitted in 1914 that Germany had committed a 
wrong but said that it was necessary for the army to 
^^hack its way through." 

Most of the people of the United States thought 
that Germany had committed a great wrong. 

But we believed that it was best to remain neu- 
tral in order to help the countries at war to make 
peace. 

During the first winter of the war Germany 
declared that it would sink without warning all ships 
which belonged to the Allied nations if they were 
found within a certain part of the sea. 

This was contrary to international law. This law 
makes it necessary to give warning and to allow 
passengers and crew to escape. 



28 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The United States sent a note of protest but 
Germany would not change its purpose. 

In May, 1915, a German submarine sank without 
warning the great steamship Lusitania. Among 
those who were lost were more than one hundred 
American men, women, and children. 

President Wilson sent a very strong note to 
Germany after this terrible crime and Germany 
promised not to sink any more ships without 
warning. 

But the next year Germany broke this promise by 
sinking the Sussex. 

Then the President told Germany that if such an 
act should occur again we would break all rela- 
tions with Germany. And again Germany promised 
to sink no more ships without warning. 

But all promises were put aside m Januar}^, 1917, 
by Germany's announcement that within a certain 
area all ships would be sunk without warning. 

The President then broke off all friendly relations 
with Germany. 

German}^ sank many American ships without 
warning. Many innocent Americans were kiUed. 

The American people could suffer no longer. 

On April 2, 1917, the President called for war upon 
Germany. 



THE NEW STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY 29 

The President's War Message 

The President spoke to Congress. He gave the 
reasons why we must fight Germany. He gave the 
objects which we should try to gain. 

He declared that we were not fighting against the 
people of German}^ We were fighting against the 
despotic emperor who governed without consulting 
the people. 

In Germany the word of the Kaiser was law. 

The Kaiser proclaimed that God had chosen him 
to rule the German people. Himself alone the people 
must obey. 

If he asked it, they must give their fortunes and 
their lives for his glory. 

The United States did not enter the war for 
gain. The President made it clear that we did not 
fight for a selfish motive. He said in his address to 
Congress : 

^^We have no selfish end to serve. We desire no 
conquests, no dominion. We seek no indemnities 
for ourselves, no material compensation for the 
sacrifices we shall so freely make. We are but one 
of the champions of the rights of mankind. We 
shall be satisfied when these rights are as secure 
as the faith and the freedom of nations can make 
them." 



30 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



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THE NEW STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY 31 

World Peace through Democracy 

Since the beginning of the world there have been 
wars. 

''How shall the world prevent all wars forever?" 

There is the question that the AlHcd nations have 
asked. 

They have agreed that there is only one way to 
prevent war. 

That is to form a ''league of nations." 

All the nations of the world must unite to keep the 
peace. 

They must all agree to keep the peace. 

This league of nations must protect the small as 
well as the great nations. 

An autocracy cannot be trusted to keep its promise 
with the rest of the world. All countries must have 
free governments mled by the people. 

Only the free people of a democracy can keep their 
promises. This thought the President has stated 
in his message : 

"A steadfast concert for peace can never be 
maintained except by a partnership of democratic 
nations. No autocratic government could be trusted 
to keep faith wdthin it or observe its covenants. It 
must be a league of honor, a partnership of opinion. 
Only free people can hold their purpose and their 



32 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

honor steady to a common end, and prefer the 
interests of mankind to any narrow interest of their 
own." 

The End of the War 

Late in the year of 1918 the Great War ended. 

Bulgaria, Turkey, Austria, and Germany saw 
that they were defeated and asked for peace. 

The Alhes compelled the rulers of these countries 
to }'ield to many things. 

They made sure that these nations could never 
start another such war. 

Then the people of Germany and Austria saw that 
they had been deceived by their rulers. 

They turned their kings and emperors out of office. 

New nations were formed out of Austria. 

Germany became a republic. 

The great war for democracy had succeeded. 

LESSON 4 
GREAT AMERICAN CITIZENS 

Benjamin Franklin 

Benjamin Franklin has been called the first great 
American. 

Franklin was born in the city of Boston, Januaiy 
17, 1706. 



GREAT AMERICAN CITIZENS 33 

He was the fifteenth of seventeen children. 

He started Hfe as a poor boy. 

Frankhn became a printer b}^ trade, but he found 
time to do many other things besides. 

He helped the Colonies to become free from 
England. 

He was one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence and of the Constitution of the United 
States. 

Franklin wrote and printed " Poor Richard's 
Almanac." 

In this Almanac Franklin taught the colonists 
to be saving, hard-working, self-reliant, and honest. 

Here are some of the sayings from the Almanac : 

^' Early to bed and early to rise. 
Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." 

^^God helps them that help themselves." 

^^ Never leave that till to-morrow which you can do 
to-day." 

As the ^'friend of humanity," Franklin invented 
the stove, discovered a cure for smoky chimneys, and 
found a new fertilizer for farmers to use. 

It was for his ^^fellowmen" that he improved the 
post office and that he paved the streets of Philadel- 
phia. 

It was for them that he founded schools, libraries, 
and hospitals. 



34 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Franklin was the first of democrats who lived with 
his fellowmen and for his fellowmen. 

Franklin has written the story of his life. It is 
called the '^\utobiography of Benjamin Frankhn." 
Some day you may want to read this interesting 

book. 

George Washington 

George Washington is called the ''Father of his 
Countr}\" 

He was born in Virginia on February 22, 1732. 

During the War of Independence he was the 
Commander in Chief of the American Army and 
Nav}^ 

After the war was over a new government was to 
be made. Some of the officers wished to make 
Washington the king. Washington was indignant. 
He would not listen to them. 

He believed that America had suffered too long 
because of tyrannical kings. 

Then the people elected him the first President. 

As the President, Washington laid a strong foun- 
dation for our American government. 

He arranged the money affairs of the countr}^ 

He helped to build a strong and orderly central 
government. 

Because of his good work, America was respected 
in otiier lands. 



GREAT AMERICAN CITIZENS 



35 



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George Washington, elected by the people of the 
United States to be their first President. 



36 LESSOXS IN DEMOCRACY 

Thomas Jefferson 

Thomas Jefferson, the ''Friend of the People/' was 
born in Virginia, April 2, 1743. 

He was a great lover of liberty. 

When he saw how England oppressed the Ameri- 
can Colonies he became a true patriot. 

He helped to make the plans for the war against 
England. 

Jefferson was at the head of a committee of five to 
write the Declaration of Independence. 

During the war Jefferson was busy building a 
state in Mrginia. 

He established complete freedom of religion in 
Mrginia. 

He helped to make better laws for immigrants. 

He did away with laws that imprisoned people for 
debt. 

He planned better schools for the people. 

When he became President, he helped to pass 
many laws which made America more democratic. 

Abraham Lincoln 

Abraham Lincoln was born Februaiy 12, 1809, on 
a Kentucky farm. 

From boyhood he always worked hard. 



GREAT AMERICAN CITIZENS 



37 




Lincoln debating political questions of the day when 

HE WAS A candidate FOR THE UnITED StaTE SeNATE. 



Barefoot, he helped his father to clear the thick 
forest, plow the ground, and plant the corn and 
gather it. 

In those days there were not many books. But 
Lincoln would travel miles to borrow books 
wherever he could. 



38 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

As he worked during the day, night was the only, 
time he had for stud}-. 

Lincohi ahvays took a great interest in law and 
government. 

In 1861 he became the President of the United 
States. 

When he was elected, the southern states tried to 
form a government of their own. 

Then the great Civil War broke out. 

Lincoln was the leader of the nation in its fight for 
union. 

For this reason he has been called the ''Savior of 
his Count r}\" 

In 1863 he issued a Proclamation freeing the slaves. 

In 18()5, after he had led the nation to victor}', he 
was killed by an assassin. 

But after his death his wishes were carried out in 
the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution. 

This Amendment forever prohibits slaveiy in any 
part of the United States. 

Thomas Edison 

Nearly eveiyone has heard of Thomas Edison 
and his great inventions. 

He is often called the ''Wizard of the Electrical 
W^orld." 

Edison was born in 1847 at Milan, Ohio. 



GREAT AMERICAN CITIZENS 



39 



Like Lincoln, he was poor. As a boy he sold 
newspapers on the street. 

When still a young boy he began experiments in 
electricity. 

Now he has a large laboratory in West Orange, 
New Jersey. 




Edison in his laboratory IxN West Orange, New Jersey, 



40 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Edison has made many telegraph and telephone 
inventions. 

He has done much to improve the electric lighting 
of great cities. 

The best known of Edison's inventions is the 
"talking machine" or the phonograph. 

The phonograph gives many people a chance to 
hear in their own homes the music of the best or- 
chestras, and the singing of the greatest singers. 

Through his inventions, Edison has made the world 
a brighter and happier place in which to live. 

LESSON 5 
AMERICAN HOLIDAYS 

Independence Day 

On July 4, 17 76, the people of the American 
Colonies declared themsehTs a free nation. 

The leaders of the Colonies signed a statement and 
called it the Declaration of Independence. 

This declared the Colonies an independent nation, 
free from the rule of England. 

The Declaration of Independence marked the 
birth of a new nation. 

We celebrate July Fourth of eveiy year in honor of 
our nation's birthdav. 



AMERICAN HOLIDAYS 41 

The Nation's Birthday 

Ring out the joy bells ! Once again, 

With waving flags and rolling drums, 
We greet the Nation's Birthday, when, 

In glorious majesty it comes. 
Ah, da}^ of days ! Alone it stands. 

While, like a halo round it cast. 
The radiant work of patriot hands, 

Shines the bright record of the past. 

Among the nations of the earth, 

What land hath story like our own ? 
No thought of conquest marked her birth ; 

No greed of power was ever shown 
By those who crossed the ocean wild. 

That they might plant upon her sod 
A home for Peace and Virtue mild, 

And altars rear to freedom's God. 

— Mary E. Vandyne. 

Used by permission of Hinds, Harden & Eldredge, Inc. 

Thanksgiving Day 

The Pilgrims were among the first people to settle 
in America. 

Here they found only a wild country. 

There were no houses. There was no food. The 
Indians were the only people who lived here. 



42 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

At first the Pilgrims suffered mau}^ hardships. 

But they worked hard to build houses and to plant 
crops. 

When autumn came they gathered their first 
harvest. 

There was plenty of food for the coming winter. 

Then the Pilgrims were thankful and happy. 

They set aside a day of thanksgiving to God for all 
His goodness to them. 

They made ready a great feast. 

They invited the Indians. 

Together they celebrated the first Thanksgiving. 

Now the American people celebrate Thanksgiving 
Day each year. 

The President sets the ddij. It usually comes on 
the last Thursday in November. 



Labor Day 

The American people honor all honest and useful 
labor. 

Honest labor is the best friend of mankind. 

Honest labor makes everyone true to himself and 
true to others. 

Honest labor helps all people to live together in 
freedom and happiness. 

For these reasons America sets aside the first 



AMERICAN HOLIDAYS 43 

Monday in September as a day of honor and respect 
to all who help with the world's work. 

Decoration Day 

Many men have fought and died to make the 
United States free. 

The American people are very grateful to these 
brave and true soldiers. 

We do not wish to forget them. 

Each year on May thirtieth we pay honor to those 
who helped to save our land of freedom. 

We deck to-da}^ each soldier's grave^ 
We come with garlands pure and white. 

To bind the brows of those who gave 
Their all, to keep our honor bright. 

We cannot pay the debt we owe ; 

They gave their lives that we might live ; 
Our warmest words fall far below 

The worship that we fain would give. 

— Wallace Bruce. 

Used by permission of Hinds, Hayden & Eldredge, Inc. 

Flag Day 

Flag Day comes once a year on June 14. 
On that day we honor the flag of the Union. 
We honor the Union for which the flag stands. 



44 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 




THE MEANING OF THE FLAG 45 

No Slave Beneath That Starry Flag 

No slave beneath that starr}^ flag^ 

The emblem of the free ! 
No fettered hand shall wield the brand 

That smites for liberty ! 

No slave beneath that grand old flag ! 

Forever let it fl}^^ 
With lightning rolled in every fold, 

And flashing \dctory ! 

God's blessing breathe around it ! 

And, when all strife is done, 
May freedom's light, that knows no night, 

Make every star a sun ! 

— George Lansing Taylor. 

T'sed by permission of Hinds, Hayden & Eldredge, Inc. 

LESSON 6 
THE MEANING OF THE FLAG 

Look for a moment upon the beautiful American 
flag. 

See the stripes of red and white and the stars in the 
field of blue. 

They have a long stors^ to tell. It is a story of a 
freedom-loving people. It is the story of the nation. 



4G LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The thirteen stripes stand for the thirteen original 
states of the Union. There are never more nor 
less. 

The stars stand for the number of states in the 
nation to-day. Do a^ou know how many states 
there are now? 

As you look upon the flag you will think of the story 
of the nation, of the Constitution, and of the govern- 
ment of the United States. 

But surely the flag has a much deeper meaning 
than this. 

The flag above all stands for the very people who 
made the nation. 

It stands for the people who faithfully go about 
their daily work. 

It stands for the people who always trs^ to be 
honest. 

It stands for the people who try to serve those 
whom they love. 

It stands for the people who always tiy to be 
worthy citizens. 

Thus the flag truly stands for what the people of 
the nation are and for what the}' want to be. 

For these reasons ever}' American loves the flag 
and would give his Hfe for it. 



THE MEANING OF THE FLAG 47 

The American's Creed 

''I believe in the United States of America as a 
government of the people, by the people, and for the 
people, whose just powers are derived from the 
consent of the governed ; 

A democracy in a republic ; 

A sovereign Nation of man}- sovereign states ; 

A perfect Union, one and inseparable ; established 
upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, 
and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed 
their lives and fortunes. 

I, therefore, believe it is my duty to my country 

To love it ; 

To support its Constitution ; 

To obey its laws ; 

To respect its flag; 

And to defend it against all enemies/' 

The Pledge of Allegiance 

"I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Repub- 
lic for which it stands, one nation indi\'isible, with 
liberty and justice for all." 



48 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

LESSON 7 
OUR NATION, THE UNITED STATES 

Before you came to the United States, you lived 
in the Old World. 

Look at the map of the Old World. Try to find 
the countr}^ from which you came. 

Now find the United States. How many miles did 
you travel before you reached the United States ? 

Perhaps you came to New York City first. Can 
you find New York City on the map ? 

New York City is an entrance to our great 
countr}^ It is a city of high buildings and sky 
scrapers. 

Perhaps from New York City you went to a city 
where you have friends. Can you trace on the map 
how you went to this city ? 

You found that the United States is a veiy large 
country. It is almost as large as all of Europe. Its 
area is about 3,000,000 square miles. 

Now look at the map of the United States. 

The United States is in the middle part of North 
America. 

Canada is our neighbor on the north. Mexico is 
our neighbor on the south. 

The Atlantic Ocean is on the east, and the Pacific 



OUR NATION, THE UNITED STATES 49 

Ocean is on the west. The Gulf of Mexico is on the 
south. 

The United States is a countn^ of beautiful moun- 
tains and plains. 

In the eastern part are the Appalachian Highlands. 
In the western part are the Rocky Mountains. 
Have you ever seen any of these mountains ? 

Between these two highlands is the broad Mis- 
sissippi Valle3^ 

Here you will fuid the best farms in the United 
States. 

The Mississippi River flows through the middle of 
this great valle}^ It is the longest river in the world. 

Between Canada and the United States are the 
five Great Lakes. 

They are Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, 
and Ontario. 

Find these lakes on the map. 

They are like great inland seas. Big steamships 
travel on these waters. They carry iron ore, coal, 
grain, and many other kinds of produce. 

The Climate 

Perhaps you have already been in many parts of 
the United States. 

Then you found a great difference in climate be- 
tween one part and another. 



50 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

This is because the United States is a large country. 
Its land extends far to the north, south, east, and 
west. 

In the states farthest south there is no frost or 
snow. Fruits and plants which need much heat can 
be raised there. 

In the northern states the winters are cold but the 
summers are veiy warm. Many hardy crops are 
raised in this climate. 

The States 

There are forty-eight states in the United States. 

The largest is Texas and the smallest is Rhode 
Island. 

Each state has a capital city. What is the capital 
of your state ? 

It would be very hard for us to study all these 
states at once. 

We wish to know how people live and work in the 
different parts of the United States. 

For this reason we shall stud}^ the states in 
groups. 

In the northeast are the Northeastern States. 

It is here that the first inmiigrants came to settle. 

About 2(),()(){),()00 people live here now. They 
earn their living by working in the big factories, in 
the mines, or on the small farms. 



OUR NATION, THE UNITED STATES 51 




52 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Many of the people cany on lumbering, fishing, 
dairying, and commerce. 

The Southern States are grouped around the Gulf of 
Mexico and near the Atlantic Ocean. 

This is the land of cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, and 
fruits. 

Most of the people live on large farms. The most 
important crop is cotton. 

The Central States lie in the most fertile farming 
district. Many kinds of crops are raised here. The 
most important are grains and vegetables. 

The Western States are in the western part. This 
is one of the most beautiful parts of our country. 

Here are the great forests. Here are the great 
cattle ranches. Here are the fruitful orchards of 
Oregon and California. Here are the mines of copper 
and silver in Colorado and Arizona. 

Truly the United States is a country with many 
resources. There is an opportunity for everyone 
who wishes to make his home in this land. 



PART THREE 

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY 

LESSON 1 
OUR CONSTITUTION 

Before the Revolution this country was made up 
of thirteen colonies. When the Revolution against 
England began these colonies sent men to represent 
them in a body called the Congress. 

This Congress was to govern the thirteen states 
as one nation in order that all might fight together 
for freedom. 

During the war all went well. The states were 
united because they had the same enemy. 

But after the war they were united no longer. 
Each state elected its own officers and made its own 
laws. It was not compelled to pay taxes for the 
support of the nation. The states often disobeyed 
the laws of Congress. 

So the United States were not really united at all. 
George Washington said, ''We are one nation to-day 
and thirteen to-morrow." 

53 



54 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Allowing the states so imich power ])rouglit about 
many bad results. Man}- things were needed which 
no state could do well alone. 

The United States had l^orrow^d money to pay 
the expenses of the Revolution. 

There was no w^ay of raising money to pay the 
interest on this debt. Each state could pay its share 
or could refuse. It could not be compelled to pay. 

Each state coined its own money. This meant 
that many kinds of money were in use at one time. 

There was no way to care for commerce and trade 
among the states. There was no way to pay the 
expenses of an army and navy to defend the new 
nation. 

This state of affairs went on for six years after the 
Revolution. By that time it became plain to many 
people that a stronger national government was 
necessaiy if the United States was to remain one of 
the family of nations. 

In 17S7 a number of men sent from each of tlie 
states met at Philadelphia for the purpose of forming 
a better gov(M-nnient. 

They prepared a law which provided for a new 
form of government for the nation. It was to be the 
highest law of the nation. They called it the Con- 
stitution. The states agreed to accept it as the high- 
est law of the land. 



POWERS OF THE STATES AND OF THE NATION 55 

Since that time the nation has grown to be several 
times the size it was then. The states have increased 
in number to forty-eight. 

But the Constitution with a few changes is still 
binding upon the nation. It is the supreme law of 
the land. 



LESSON 2 

THE POWERS OF THE STATES AND THE 
POWERS OF THE NATION 

The United States is a great nation made up of 
many states. 

This is a convenient plan. 

The state can control more easily and Cjfuickly the 
schools, or the building of roads and bridges. 

Therefore such matters are left to the states. 

It is more convenient for the people of the nation 
to have one kind of moiiey. It is more convenient 
for the people of the nation to have the mail con- 
trolled b}^ the nation. 

Therefore the power over such matters is given to 
the nation. 

The Constitution tells of the powders given to both 
states and nation. 

The powers of the nation are stated in Section 8 



56 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

of the Constitution. The more important ones 
are : 

Regulating (or making rules for) commerce among 
the states. 

Making rules for commerce with other nations. 

Borrowing money for the nation. 

Coining money. 

Defending the nation with an army and navy. 

Providing for the carrying of the mail. 

The states have all powers which are not : 

1. Given to the national government alone. 

2. Forbidden by the Constitution. 



LESSON 3 
THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 

How the Nation is Governed 

The government of our nation is called the ^'na- 
tional" or '^ federal" government. 

Our '^ federal" government is divided by the 
Constitution into three parts or branches : 

L Congress is the legislative branch, which makes 
the laws. 

2. The President is the chief executive, who carries 
out the laws. 



THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 57 

3. The Supreme Court is the judicial branch, 
which tells the meaning of or interprets laws. 



Congress 

The Congress of the United States makes the laws 
for the people of the nation. 

It is made up of two bodies of law-makers. 
They are : 
The Senate. 

The House of Representatives. 
The sessions of Congress begin in December of 
each year. 

The House of Representatives 

The House of Representatives is made up of more 
than four hundred members. 

These Representatives are elected by the voters 
in the different states. They represent the citizens 
of the state. 

Their term of office is two years. 

Each state in the Union can send a certain number 
of representatives to Washington, D. C. 

This number depends upon the population of the 
state. 

States are divided into congressional districts. 

Une representative is elected by each district. 



58 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

In what district do you live? W'ho is your 
representative in Washington ? 

How many representatives has your state? 

The Senate 

Each state in our Union is allowed to elect two 
senators who go to Washington, D. C. 

How man}^ senators are there in the Unitea States 
Senate? 

The senators represent the states. All the states 
have equal power in the Senate. 

Little Rhode Island has as many senators in 
Washington as has the large state of Texas. 

The senators are elected by the people for a term 
of six years. 

One third go out of office every two years. 

Who are the two senators of your state ? 

The President 

The President is the chief executive officer of our 
nation. 

He is elected by the voters of the nation for a term 
of four years. 

Who is our President now ? 

The President is the first citizen of the United 
States. He has a great many duties to perform. 



THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 



59 



The Constitution says that he must see that all 
laws are faithfully executed. 




The White House, the home of the President and his 

FAMILY. 

Here are some of the powers of the President : 

1. To represent the United States in all rela- 

tions with other nations. 

2. To command the army and navy. 

3. To advise Congress when he thinks new 

laws are needed. 

4. To see that the laws of the nation are obeyed. 

5. To appoint a large number of officers of 

the government. 



60 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The Helpers of the President 

The President has power to appoint officers to 
help and advise him in carrying out the work of the 
government. They are : 

The Secretary of State. 

The Secretary of the Treasury. 

The Secretary of War. 

The Attorney-General. 

The Postmaster-General. 

The Secretary of the Navy. 

The Secretary of the Interior. 

The Secretary of Agriculture. 

The Secretary of Commerce. 

The Secretary of Labor. 

This group of officers is called the Cabinet of the 
President. 

The Supreme Court 

The third branch of the national government is the 
Supreme Court. 

This highest court is made up of nine justices. It 
tells the meaning of laws passed by Congress. 

In another lesson we shall read more about the 
courts and the judges. 

We shall read how the federal courts are brought 
near to the citizen. 



THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 



61 



The Capital of the Nation 

The city of Washington is the capital of the United 
States. It is located in the District of Columbia. 

In Washington there are a great many beautiful 
government buildings. 




The Capitol, in which Congress and the Supreme Court 

HOLD their sessions. 

The Capitol is one of the finest buildings of its kind 
in the world. It is here that Congress and the 
Supreme Court meet and hold their sessions. 

The White House is the home of the President and 
his family. 



62 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

LESSON 4 

HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF THE NATION 
SERVES THE PUBLIC 

Many years ago all nations were ruled by kings. 

No one thought that the government should serve 
the people. 

The people were the slaves of the king and his 
government. 

But with the coming of democracy this has been 
changed. 

Governments now serve the citizens. 

The government of the United States serves its 
citizens in many ways. 

The Postal Service 

One of the most useful services which is performed 
by the government of the nation is that of the Post 
Office department. 

A postmaster is appointed for ever}' city and village 
in the United States. 

He has charge of the mails coming to and going 
from his office. 

There are more than 60,000 post offices in the 
United States. 



HOW THE GOVERNMENT SERVES THE PUBLIC 63 




64 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

A letter weighing not more than one ounce can be 
sent anywhere in the United States for two cents. 

Valuable articles should be registered. This 
makes the government responsible for the safety of 
such articles. 

It is not safe to send money through the mail. 

The safe way is to buy a money order. A money 
order can be secured at any post office. 

Paper money is printed in Washington by the 
Bureau of Engraving and Printing. 

All paper money has back of it the same value in 
gold or silver. This is held by the Treasurer of the 
United States. 

If you wish to send money to other countries, you 
must buy an international money order. 

The government will care for money through the 
postal savings banks. Money may be deposited at 
any post office. 

The government of the United States is the safest 
bank in the world. 

Public Health 

When you came to the United States, you first had 
to pass through Ellis Island. 

A government inspector met you as you landed. 
He examined you very carefully. 
Do you know why ? 



HOW THE GOVERNMENT SERVES THE PUBLIC 65 

Some of the immigrants did not look very healthy. 
They could not enter the United States. 
The government inspector turned them back. 
Every year many immigrants come to the United 
States. 

Some might bring disease into this countr)^ 




Immigrants waiting at Ellis Island. 

Our national government protects the health of its 
people by keeping out all who might carry disease 
or are unfit to become good citizens. 

Our government protects the health of the people 
in another way. 



66 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

It has pure food laws. 

It sends hundreds of inspectors to the factories 
where food is prepared. 

The inspectors must sec that all food is prepared 
in clean and sanitary places. 

They must see that spoiled or bad food is not 
shipped from one place to another. 

National Defense 

To protect the nation against attack from other 
nations, the United States has its army and 
navy. 

Before the Great War with Germany the United 
States had an army made up of two parts, the 
Regular Arm}^ and the National Guard. 

The Regular Army was made ' up of about one 
hundred thousand men. Enlistments were volun- 
taiy and the term of service was seven years. Three 
of these years were with the reserve. 

In time of peace the National Guard was in the 
service of the state. Its members were in camp only 
a few weeks of the year. 

In time of war they were taken into the service of 
the nation and were subject to the same rules as the 
Regular Army. 

The Great War made necessary the adoption of 
the selective service law. 



HOW THE GOVERNMENT SERVES THE PUBLIC 67 



Under the selective service all men from the ages 
of eighteen to forty-five were registered. 

They were then divided into five classes according 
to their need at home and their fitness for military 
service. The number needed for the army was 
drawn from these classes. 



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York harbor. 



68 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The na\y of the United States is the second largest 
in the world. 

Foreign Affairs 

Our government has many dealings with the 
governments of other countries. 

The Department of State looks after these matters. 

The Department of State sends ambassadors and 
consuls to the most important countries. 

They look after the interests of American citizens 
who are in foreign lands. 

When an American citizen wishes to travel in a 
foreign land, he can get a passport from the Bureau 
of Citizenship at Washington, D. C. 

A passport is a certificate which identifies a 
citizen. 

A passport gives an American citizen protection 
while he is in a foreign land. 

How the Government Helps Farmers 

Through the General Land Office, millions of acres 
of land have been given or sold at very low cost to 
citizens. 

The Department of Agriculture gives valuable 
information to farmers. 

It teaches them the best methods of farming and 
stock raising. 



HOW THE GOVERNMENT SERVES THE PUBLIC 69 

It studies methods of fighting insects which de- 
stroy crops. 
It protects the national forests from fires. 




Copyright by Underwood and Underwood. 

Printing paper money at the Bureau of Printing and 
Engraving at Washington, D. C. 

The Weather Bureau saves miUions of dollars 
every year for farmers and shippers by sending out 
information as to the weather conditions. 



70 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Thousands of acres of land wiiich were too diy for 
farming have been made fertile by irrigation. The 
government builds the great dams and waterways 
which supply the water. 

Coining Money 

The United States Treasury Department coins the 
money for all the states. 

There are two kinds of money — paper money 
and metal money. 

Gold, silver, nickel, and bronze coins are stamped 
at the mints in Philadelphia, Denver, and San 
Francisco. 



LESSON 5 
HOW THE STATES ARE GOVERNED 

Each of our forty-eight states has a constitution. 

This constitution is much like that of the United 
States. It tells how the state is to be governed. It 
tells in a general way what kinds of laws may be 
made by the state, and by the cities of the state. 

It may be changed or amended by a vote of the 
people of the state. Nearly ever}^ 3^ear some part of 
the state constitution is amended. 

The state, like the United States, has three 



HOW THE STATES ARE GOVERNED 



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The State Capitol at Denver, Colorado. 

branches of government. These are called the 
legislative, executive, and judicial branches. 

The legislative branch is commonly called the 
state legislature. Like the Congress of the United 



72 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

States it is made up of two houses. It has an "upper 
house'' and a '4ower house." The upper house is 
called the Senate. The lower house is called the 
House of Representatives. The state legislature 
makes the laws for the state. The members of the 
state legislature are elected in districts by the voters 
of the state. 

The executive branch of the state government is 
made up of the governor and his helpers. The 
executive officers carry out the laws of the state. 

The chief officer of the state is the governor. ^Yho 
is the governor of this state ? 

Besides the governor the most important executive 
officers in most states are : 

The secretary of state who keeps all of the state 
records. 

The treasurer who has charge of the funds of the 
state. 

The attorney-general who is the attorne}' for the 
state. 

The auditor who keeps the accounts of the state. 

The superintendent of schools who inspects the 
state schools. 

The County 

Each state is divided into parts called counties. 
The county helps to carry out the laws of the state. 



HOW THE STATE SERVES THE PUBLIC 73 

The county has a government which looks after a 
large number of things which are needed and which 
cannot be cared for by the state government. 

Some of these are the building of bridges and roads 
and the care of the poor and unfortunate. 

Some of the officers of the county are the com- 
missionerS; the surveyor, and the sheriff. 

LESSON 6 

HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE 
SERVES THE PUBLIC 

The Care of the Unfortunate 

In former times the care of the poor and the sick 
was left to private persons and societies. 

But now the government is taking a large share in 
the care of those who cannot help themselves. 

The state has great hospitals where the insane are 
cared for. 

It has schools where the blind and the deaf are 
taught to do useful work. 

Most of those who are poor are not to blame for 
their misfortune. Those who cannot support them- 
selves are cared for at state expense. 

Sometimes the most unfortunate of men are those 
who have done wrong. They must be imprisoned 



74 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

but at the same time given the chance to become 
honest citizens. States have prisons for men who 
have committed crimes. 

There are also reformatories where young girls 
and bo3^s who have broken the law are kept for 
correction. Often after spending a few months at 
these places boys and girls grow up to be good men 
and women. 

The Building of Roads and Bridges 

In former times roads and bridges were built and 
kept in repair by each small community. 

But as travel became greater, it was necessary to 
have long roads between villages. These were built 
by the county. 

The use of the automobile now makes it necessary 
to have man}' state roads. These are main roads 
which go through several counties. 

It has been found that such roads can best be built 
by the state. Why? 

Ed neat ion by the State 

We shall see later that most of our schools are 
conducted by the city or village. But every state 
has schools and colleges for higher education. 

Great state universities give instruction to all 
citizens free of charge. 



HOW THE STATE SERVES THE PUBLIC 75 

Doctors, teachers, lawyers, and engineers are 
trained. 

Scientific farming is taught. 

Some of the greatest universities in the United 
States are supported by the state. 

How the State Helps Workers 

Hundreds of laws have been passed in our states 
which are intended to protect workers. 

One of the most important laws of this kind is 
called ''Workmen's Compensation." 

Under this law, a man or a woman who is injured 
while working receives aid from the state. If a 
worker is killed, his family gets insurance money 
from the state. Does your state have a workmen's 
compensation law ? 

Some states have laws providing an eight-hour day 
in some industries. 

Other states provide free employment bureaus. 
These drive out of business private employment 
bureaus which take money for finding positions. 

How the States Control Business 

Banks, railroads, and insurance companies come 
into close touch with the people. If they are not 
honest and reliable, they may cause loss to those 
who deal with them. 



76 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The states have laws which regulate them. 
They are inspected by state officials. 



LESSON 7 
HOW THE CITIES ARE GOVERNED 

Many years ago most people lived in small villages 
or on farms. 

There were few large cities. There were few 
things which the government needed to do. 

Now a very large part of the people of the United 
States live in cities. 

Great factories and stores employ millions of 
workers. 

These workers must live near their work. Their 
homes are close together. 

The city government must do many things in order 
that the people may live in health and safety. The 
city must make laws to protect people and property. 

For this reason the government of our city is very 
important. We should stud}^ and understand it. 

Most cities have charters. A charter is the 
constitution of the city. Many cities are allowed by 
the state to form their own charters and to change 
or amend them by a vote of the people. 



HOW THE CITIES ARE GOVERNED 77 

The city charter tells what officers the city shall 
have. It tells what their duties are. It also tells 
what kind of laws may be passed by the city council. 

How are the laws of the city made ? 




A FACTORY WHERE MANY WORKERS ARE EMPLOYED IN WOOL 
SORTING. 

Are they made directly by the people ? 

No, they are made by the legislative branch of the 
city government. 

The legislative branch is made up of men chosen 
by the people. 

These men together are called the City Council or 
Board of Aldermen. 



78 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



They are elected by the voters of the city. They 
make the laws or ordinances which govern the city. 




A (iUOUP OF MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, SPKINCJFIELI), MaSS. 

They are the servants of the people. The}' should 
carry out the wishes of tlie people. 

How are these officers elected in your city ? 
Many cities are divided into wards. Usually the 



HOW THE CITIES ARE GOVERNED 79 

people in each ward can elect one or more coun- 
cilmen. 

Is your city divided into wards ? In what ward do 
you live? • 

Who is the councilman from your ward ? 

iVfter the laws are made, someone must see that 
they are obeyed. In most cities this is the work of 
the mayor. 

The mayor is at the head of the executive branch of 
the city government. 

Has your city a mayor ? What is his name ? 

The mayor is usually elected by the people. He 
represents the people of the whole city. 

The mayor has much power. He appoints many 
helpers who cany on the business of the city govern- 
ment. 

Some of his helpers are : 

Chief of the Health Department. 
Chief of the Fire Department. 
Chief of the Police Department. 
Chief of the Finance Department. 

These officers and officers under them are executive 
officers. 

The City Manager Form of City Government 

Some cities have a new form of government. It 
is called the city manager form of government. 



89 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Under this form a commission or council is elected 
by the voters. 

The commission then selects a manager. He does 
the work of a mayor and manages the work of the 
city in the same way that a factor}^ manager 
manages the work of a factory. 



LESSON 8 
LAWS AND THE COURTS 

Li a democracy the people rule. 

This does not mean that every man may do what 
he wishes. It is easy to see that if all men could do 
whatever they wish, there would be no liberty at all. 

The strong would oppress the weak. AMiile the 
strong might be free, the weak would be slaves. 

But in our democracy there are laws which protect 
the strong and the weak alike. 

Under the rule of wise laws all men have real 
liberty. 

It is not always easy to understand the meaning 
of laws. 

For this reason we have courts. They explain the 
meaning of laws. 

If we have any question about the laws, we go to 
the courts. 



LAWS AND THE COURTS 



81 




82 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Courts decide whether a person has violated the 
law. They decide disputes which arise between 
citizens. 

In America we have two kinds of courts. They 
are : 

1 . National or Federal Courts. 

2. State Courts. 

Federal Courts 

The highest federal coui't is the Supreme Court of 
the United States. 

It decides cases which concern the Constitution 
and the laws of the United States. 

It may decide whether laws made l)y Congress are 
in conflict with the Constitution. 

The Supreme Court is made up of nine members. 
They are called justices. One is the chief justice; 
the other eight are associate justices. They meet 
in Washington, D. C. 

These nine justices are appointed for life by the 
President w^ith the consent of the Senate. 

But these nine justices cannot decide all the cases 
in a large counti-y like the United States. For this 
reason Congress has divided tlie wliole country into 
about eighty districts. 

In each distiict there is a United States District 
Court. The federal judg(^ in each district hears 



LAWS AND THE COURTS 83 

disputes and tries men accused of crime against the 
federal government. 

In what city is your nearest United States District 
Court? 

One of the most important duties of the United 
States District Courts is to grant citizenship. Do 
you know where to go to get your citizenship papers ? 

State Courts 

The highest court in the state is the supreme court 
of the state. It .holds its meetings at the state 
capital. 

This court deals with state laws. It has final 
decision in cases which come up under state laws. 

County and City Courts 

Below the supreme court are other state courts. 

In nearly all of the states there are courts which 
try cases within counties. These are usually called 
^^ county courts." They hold their meetings in the 
county court house. Where is your county court 
house ? 

People in your county who break state laws are 
tried in this court house. 

There are two kinds of cases which come before 
these courts. They are civil ahd criminal cases. 



84 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

In a civil case there is a dispute between indi- 
viduals. 

A Civil Case 

Mr. Brown owes Mr. Poleski some money but he 
refuses to pay it. 

Mr. Poleski goes to the court. He asks the 
judge to help him decide who is right and who is 
wrong. 

The judge hears the case. He finds that Mr. 
Brown is wrong and orders him to pay the money to 
Mr. Poleski. 

Of course Mr. Brown must pay the costs of the 
case. 

This is a civil case. It is a dispute between two 
citizens. 

Do you know of any cases like this ? 

A Criminal Case 

John S. and Mike B. had a disagreement. Jolin 
became angjy. He struck Mike and hurt him. 

The policeman arrested John on a charge of assault 
and batteiy. 

He took John to the police court. Mike had to 
go along as a witness. A few others who had seen 
the fight had to go as witnesses also. 

The judge heard both sides of the case. 



LAWS AND THE COURTS 85 

The witnesses had to tell truthfully all that they 
had seen. 

Then the judge declared John guilty of assault 
and batter}^ 

He sentenced him to hard labor in the work- 
house. 

John had broken the law which says that one 
citizen cannot strike another citizen. 

This is a criminal case because John^ the accused 
person, broke the law of the state. 

Do you know of any criminal cases ? 

City Courts 

Below the county courts are the city courts. There 
are different kinds of city courts. 

There are the police courts. They hear small 
criminal suits such as violations of traffic rules, 
disorderly conduct, and thefts. 

There are also justice courts. The}^ try very small 
civil and criminal suits. 

In some cities there are municipal courts. They 
take the place of justice courts. 

Beside these, there are special courts. Young 
children are tried in the juvenile court. 

Probate courts have charge of wills and appoint 
guardians. 

What kind of courts have you in your city ? 



86 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Newcomers who do not know American laws 
should always be on guard against dishonest law- 
yers, notaries, and justices of the peace. 

Many times these men take fees which are too 
large for the work they have done. Many times they 
lead innocent persons to carry a case into court when 
it could be settled outside. 

Some cities have legal aid societies. They give 
legal advice to anyone who needs it. 

Have you a legal aid society in 3^our city ? 

The police prosecutors or judges usually give legal 
advice if there is no legal aid society. 

If you employ a lawyer to help you with the law, 
you should be sure of his honesty and character. 

LESSON 9 

HOW THE PEOPLE PAY FOR THE 
GOVERNMENT 

To pay for all the useful work wliich the nation, 
states, and cities are doing, a great deal of money 
is needed. 

This money is raised by taxation and bonds. 

In a democracy the peo])le tax themselves through 
their representatives. 

Taxes are levied by the representatives of the 



HOW THE PEOPLE PAY FOR THE GOVERNMENT 87 

peopb in Congress, state legislatures, and in city 
councils. 

In the United States we have direct and indirect 
taxes. 

Direct taxes are levied directly on property. 

A tax on a farm is a direct tax. 

An indirect tax is one which is added to the price 
of goods which we buy. 

The tax on tobacco or liquor is one kind of in- 
direct tax. 

The maker of tobacco and liquor must pay a tax 
on the goods made. 

But he does not lose this mone}^ himself. 

He raises the price of the goods. 

Thus the man who buys and uses the tobacco or 
liquor really pays the taxes. 

Another kind of indirect tax is the tariff. 

This is a tax on all goods brought from other 
countries. 

For example, there is a tariff on dishes which are 
brought from another country. 

The merchant who buys the dishes pays the 
government the tariff. 

Then he adds the extra cost to the price of the 
dishes. 

In this way the man who buys the dishes really 
pays the tax. 



88 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Most of the money which the federal government 
uses comes from indirect taxes. 

Our states lev}^ both direct and indirect taxes. 

There are many kinds of direct taxes. 

Income taxes are levied on the citizen's or com- 
pany's income for the year. 

Inheritance taxes are levied on property which is 
inherited from another. 

License taxes are le\ded on certain kinds of busi- 
ness. 

In some states and cities peddlers must pay a 
license tax. 

The most important direct tax levied by state and 
local government is the general property tax. 

This is levied on real estate which consists of lands 
and buildings. 

Nearly everyone pays this tax on property. Even 
if he does not own property, he probably rents his 
house and so indirectly he pays the tax. 

It is also levied on personal property such as 
furniture, money, stocks and bonds, and other kinds 
of movable property. 

It is very hard to tax personal property because 
the officers of the government can never find more 
than a small part of the property. 

Because of this, many states are giving up the 
taxation of personal property. 



HOW THE PEOPLE PAY FOR THE GOVERNMENT 89 

It is sometimes said that we should tax only land. 
Those who favor this change call the plan the 
'^single tax." 

In times of great need governments raise money 
by issuing bonds. 

In buying a bond, you lend your money to the 
government. The government pays interest on the 
loan. 

Cities issue bonds when a large amount of money 
is needed for new buildings or streets. 

Of course everyone knows about the Liberty 
Bonds, issued by the national government to carry 
on the Great War. 



PART FOUR 

THE CITIZEN IN THE COMMUNITY 

LESSON 1 
THE WORK OF THE COMMUNITY 

A\'e have learned how the governments of the 
nation and of the state serve the needs of the 
citizen, ^^'e shall now learn of the great services 
that the government of the city performs. 

Many things can best be done by the government 
which is nearest the citizen. These things are called 
'^communit}'" activities. A community is the town 
or part of a town in which the citizen lives. 

We shall read in this chapter of the services of the 
community. 

LESSON 2 

PROTECTION OF HEALTH 

Andrew and his wife Sophi came to America a few 
years ago. 

Their former home \\'as in Europe. Now the}' live 
in a large city in the United States. 

90 



PROTECTION OF HEALTH 91 

There are many big buildings in the city. They 
are veiy close together. Man}^ people do not like 
the city because they think it is unhealthful. 

But Andrew and Sophi are healthy people even if 
they live in a big city. 

'^How do 3^ou keep so healthy?" asked Andrew's 
neighbor. ''I am always sick and I must always 
take medicines." 

''Perhaps you are sick because 3^ou take too much 
medicine/' answered Andrew. ''You should not take 
any medicines unless the doctor gives you orders. 

"When I do not feel well^ I go out to get fresh air 
into my lungs/' continued Andrew. "At night I 
sleep with m}^ windows open at the top and bottom. 

"i\Iy wife is ver}^ wise. She knows how to cook 
food properly. 

"She keeps the house clean and neat. She is 
especially careful to keep the kitchen sink and the 
bathroom clean. She keeps the garbage can covered 
so that the flies cannot get into it and breed more 
flies." 

"Yes, I have seen how clean your house and yard 
are/' answered the neighbor. "T think you are too 
clean. I have heard that people who are too clean 
will be sickly and weak." 

"No, there you are wrong/' answered Andrew 
quickly. 



92 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

''All sickness is caused by little germs. These 
little germs live in dirt. 

'4f a person is dirty or if his home and yard are 
dirty, he will be sick because the germs will have a 
better chance to enter his body. 

^'Come over to my house/' continued Andrew. 
^'I have a book which shows pictures of all kinds of 
disease germs." 

A\Tien Andrew's neighbor saw the book he was 
very much interested. It told about how people get 
sick because they do not keep themselves clean, and 
do not eat the right kind of food. 

After a few minutes Andrew's children came in. 

They looked bright and happy after playing in the 
yard. 

''Your children look health}^, too. My children 
are always sick !" exclaimed the neighbor. 

"Yes, my children are healthy because my wdfe 
and I are healthy. 

"If the parents are healthy, the children will be 
more sure of having good strong bodies. No people 
should ever become parents until they are sure that 
their own bodies are in good condition." 

"But your advice cannot help me now," exclaimed 
the neighbor. "I already have children. A\Tiat can 
I do to make them better?" 

"You and your family can follow the rules of 



PROTECTION OF HEALTH 93 

HEALTH. You Will soon feel much better/' an- 
swered Andrew. 

''But I do not know the rules of health." 
"Here is a card having a few of the rules. 
Take this home and hang it up where you can always 
see it/' said xA.ndrew. 

The neighbor took the card and read these rules : 

(a) Sleep with the windows open at the top and 
bottom, so that fresh air can enter the room. 

(b) Eat fresh, wholesome food properly cooked. 

(c) Live in clean rooms and a clean house. 

(d) Drink plenty of pure water. 

(e) Bathe often. 

(f) Take good care of hair, teeth, and nails. 

(g) Keep the ice chest and sink clean, 
(h) Keep individual towels. 

(i) Brush your teeth with your owm toothbrush 
after ever}^ meal. 

(j) Remove all garbage, refuse, and waste. 

(k) Kill all flies, because they carry disease 
germs. 

(1) Have screens for all doors and windows in the 
summer. 

(m) Do not drink beer, whisky, or wine, or any 
alcoholic drinks. 

AMien the neighbor was ready to go home, he took 
the card with him. He thanked Andrew for all the 



94 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



A Day in the Life of a Fly 




HAVING HAD A GOOD NIGHTS 
SLEEP IN AM OLD GARBAGE 
CAN] BREAKFAST AND AWAY- 




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p. — 




LIGHT ON A HORSES 
FACE »^OR A RIDE 






Find a oog asleep 
and telase him 

A WHILE 



GO IN A WINDOW IN A 
NICE LOOKING HOUSE 






CRAWL AQOUND THE 

baby's FACE FIND 

IT VERV S WE£T 



PASSING BY A 
FEW DAYS LATER 
NOTICE A WHITE 
RIBBON ON TMEIR 
FRONT 000«. 



PROTECTION OF HEALTH 95 

good advice and said he would try to follow the 
Rules of Health. 

Andrew hoped that the neighbor would keep his 
word. He himself and his wife follow the Rules 
closely. They also teach their children how to keep 
well. 

When Andrew comes home from work he some- 
times cleans the yard or the basement. The children 
like to help him. As soon as they are through the 
children go to bed. 

''AH children should go to bed early/' says An- 
drew. ''Children need more sleep than grown-up 
people. Sleep gives the children strength so that 
they can grow.'' 

The City Health Department 

Andrew and his wife Sophi can do for themselves 
many things to keep well. 

But there are many things which they cannot do. 

Andrew's neighbors have always been careless 
people. They allow rubbish and dirt to collect in 
their yard. 

They promise to clean up but they never do. 
Andrew and Sophi cannot force them to clean up. 

Besides they wish to be good friends with their 
neighbors. Therefore they do not say anything 
more to them about keeping clean. 



96 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Andrew goes to the City Health Department, in 
the City Hall, and tells the Sanitary Police about 
his neighbor. 

The Sanitary Police go to Andrew's neighbor and 
force him to clean his yard and home. 

Thus the city protects Andrew and Sophi from 
disease when they cannot help themselves. 

The City Health Department helps Andrew's 
family and all the families in the city. 

Andrew discovers that his neighbor has a contagious 
disease. 

A contagious disease is a sickness that spreads 
from one person to another. 

Anyone can get a contagious disease no matter 
how healthy he is. 

Some contagious diseases are scarlet fever, small- 
pox, diphtheria, and influenza. 

Andrew's family is in great danger of catching his 
neighbor's disease. 

The City Health Department, however, protects 
them. 

The city quarantines all contagious diseases. 

To quarantine means to shut the family in until 
the doctor sa3^s they are perfectly well. 

Then the Sanitary Police come to fumigate their 
house before any of their friends can come to visit 
them, or before they can leave the house. 



PROTECTION OF HEALTH 97 

By quarantining contagious diseases^ the city 
prevents disease from spreading. 

In olden times there were no health laws. Dis- 
eases spread from one person to another. Many 
times whole cities died out in this way. 

The city to-day has many health regulations 
which help the family to keep well. Have you 
seen the health regulations of your city ? 

Sophi buys meat from the butcher and groceries of 
the grocer. 

Many people must handle the food before Sophi 
gets it. It is impossible for her to see that she gets 
clean food. 

The city government helps her to get clean food 
by inspecting all stores and markets. 

Clean, fresh food is necessary to good health. 
. The city sends out milk inspectors whose duties 
are to test and report to the proper authorities on 
the purity of the milk. 

All milk dealers must pasteurize the milk before 
they can sell it. 

Milk that has not been pasteurized is dangerous 
to the health. It carries germs of typhoid fever, 
cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and sore throat. 

The city government helps the people to get pure 
water. The city has Filtration Plants. Here the 
water is cleaned before the people get it. 



98 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



In many other ways, too, the cit}^ protects the 
health of the people. 

The city sewerage system carries away the sewage. 

The city collects 
all garbage and 
refuse. 

The city inspects 
houses, tenements, 
and factories to see 
that they are kept 
in a sanitaiy con- 
dition. 

Thus you may see 
in how man}^ ways 
the city government 
helps Andrew and 
Sophi and their chil- 
dren to keep well 
when they cannot 
protect themselves. 
"The cit}^ helps e\'eryone to keep well if they do 
their share," says Andrew. "The city belongs to 
the people. Therefore the people must see to it 
that 1 1 KM 1' city is kept clean and healthful." 

Andrew has a card hanging in the kitchen. This 
card has mles which remind Andrew of how eveiy 
citizen can help to make his city a healthful city. 



IH^^HRfll 


HMH 


Wqj^ 





The city government helps the 

PEOPLE to get pure WATER. 



PROTECTION OF HEALTH 99 

These are the rules for every citizen : 

(1) Take good care of your own health. 

(2) Keep your own yard and home clean. 

(3) Do not spit on sidewalks or in street cars. 

(4) Report unsanitary conditions in your neighbor- 
hood. 

(5) Report careless handling of food or the selling 
of spoiled food. 

Tuberculosis 

^'You do not look veiy well/' said Andrew to his 
friend one day. '^I have noticed how thin you have 
become in the last few weeks. I think you should 
go to a doctor." 

^^Yes, it is true, I do not feel very well, but I do 
not know of any good doctor/' answered Andrew's 
friend. 

"' I know of a good doctor/' said Andrew. ^^ Come 
with me." 

Andrew took his friend to a good doctor. He ex- 
amined him very carefully. When he was through 
he said, '^You have a sickness of the lungs. It is 
called tuberculosis. It is caused by a tiny germ 
which gets into the lungs. But you can be cured if 
you get the right treatment in time." 

^'How shall I get the right treatment?" asked 
Andrew's friend. 



100 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

'^You must go to the City Sanatorium. There 
you will get good food, fresh air, and plenty of rest," 
said the doctor. ''The City Health Department 
will help you get into the Sanatorium." 

''Do very many people have this sickness of the 
lungs? " asked Andrew. 

"Yes, many people die of this sickness. That is 
why the city spends a great deal of money in pre- 
venting or tiying to cure this disease," said the 
doctor. "Persons who have tuberculosis should be 
careful not to give it to anyone else. They should 
spit into paper cups or cloths which can be 
burned." 

Taking Care of the Baby 

Here is the City Babies' Traveling Dispensar)^ 
It has come to the veiy doors of the mothers. 

See the doctor and the nurse. They have been 
sent by the city to help mothers care for their 
babies. 

Ever}^ mother can get advice from them. It will 
help her to keep her baby healthy. 

Strong, healthy babies will some day be good 
citizens. 

The city has Babies' Dispensaries in many parts 
of the cit}'. They teach mothers what kind of food 
to give babies. 



CHARITIES 



101 



The city also keeps a register of all the babies 
born in the city. 

LESSON 3 

CHARITIES 

Last winter one of Andrew's neighbors was veiy 
sick. He could not go to work. 




A Traveling Medical Dispensary at which free 

TREATMENT IS GIVEN. 

After a while there was no money with which to 
buy food and clothing or to pay the doctor's bills and 
the rent. The children were starving. 

The neighbor's wife came to Andrew and asked for 



102 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

hrlp. ''Please, can you help us witli a little money 
until my husband is able to work and earn some 
money? Then he will pay you back." 

Andrew was very soriy for the neighbor's family. 
But he had a family to support himself. 

''I cannot help you m3^self/' answered vVndrew. 
''But I have heard about the City Charities. I shall 
go to them and see what they can do for you." 

Then Andrew went to the City Charities. They 
asked him many questions about the family. They 
promised they would send help. 

When the City Charities came to investigate they 
found that the family needed help veiy much. They 
sent a doctor to cure the father of his sickness. 

They sent food and clothing. The cit}' nurse 
also came to help. 

Under the doctor's care the father soon became 
well. He was veiy thankful for the kindly help 
given him in his time of need. 

As soon as he was well he went back to work and 
was able to support his family again. If Andrew's 
neighbor had not received help in time, his disease 
might have become incurable. 

Then it would have cost the city much more to 
support the family. 

Andrew was ver^^ wise when lie reported his 
neighbor's case to the City Cliaritios. Even if 



CHARITIES 103 

Andrew had been able to help his neighbor he might 
not have understood the best way of helping. 

The City Charities try to help all people who can- 
not earn their own living or who have suffered some 
misfortune. They want to help people to help them- 
selves. 

In olden times poor people who could not pay their 
debts were put into prison. They never had a chance 
to make good. 

Later^ people who had plenty of money would 
give to anyone who was poor because they were 
sorry for them. 

Thus many people became beggars. They never 
wanted to earn their own living if they could make it 
in an easier way. This, however, was very unjust 
to those people who tried to earn their living 
honestly. 

The City Charities, to-day, first of all try to find 
out why the people are poor. 

There are many reasons why people are poor. 
Some people are poor because they have had a 
misfortune such as sickness, accident, lack of 
employment, or small wages. 

Some people cannot earn their own living because 
they are bhnd, deaf, or feebleminded. 

Others are poor because they are too lazy to 
work. 



104 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 





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p;?o/o. 6y International Film Service, Inc. 
A HOME F()I{ INCITRABLES SUPPORTED BY CiTY ChARITIES. 



The City Charities study each case. They decide 
which is the best wa}^ of helping the person or family 
to become self-suppoi'ting. 

If the fan)ily is poor because of sickness, the 
Charities send a doctor and food and clothing. 

If the family is poor because the father is lazy 
01- a drunkard, they put him in a place for cor- 
rection. He is given treatment to help him over- 
come his bad habits. Meanwhile the Charities 
support the family until the father is able to care 
for it himself. 

'' The Charities do not gi^T help bhndly to the 
|)()()r," said Andrew to his friend. '' They always 



EDUCATION 105 

help the unfortunate, protect the old, and give 
homeless children good care." 

^'But the Charities cannot do everything to make 
the number of poor people smaller, can they?" asked 
Andrew's friend. 

^'No/' answered Andrew. '^When many people 
are poor because they have too small wages, or no 
work at all, then the citizens must join together to 
get better working conditions. 

''Bad working conditions make many people poor. 
Through cooperation the people can get better 
conditions." 



LESSON 4 
EDUCATION 

When Andrew and his wife Sophi came to the 
United States they could not speak English. 

It was very hard for Andrew to find good work. 

When Sophi went to the stores and markets she 
did not know how to ask for what she wanted. 

Andrew and Sophi were very lonesome in the new 
country. 

Then a friend told them about the free night 
schools where they could learn English. 

They were very glad to hear about this but they 



106 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

had three httle children and alwaA^s had much to do 
in the evenings. 

''How can we go to night school?" asked Andrew. 
''We have no time in the evenings." 

"I know what we shall do/' said Sophi, his wife. 
"You can go two evenings each week. Then I shall 
stay at home to care for the children. On the two 
evenings I go to night school }-ou can stay at 
home." 

"That is a very good idea/' said Andrew. "Let 
us begin next week." 

In this way Andrew and Sophi both had a 
chance to learn English. 

At first they wondered why the United States 
has free schools. 

After they had learned more English their teacher 
told them. 

The teacher said, "America is a Democracy. 
That means the people make their own laws and elect 
their own officers who represent them. In this way 
the people rule themselves. But they cannot rule 
themselves if they cannot read and write the same 
language. They cannot take part in the govern- 
ment. 

"In order to give everyone an ecjual opportunity 
to take part in the government we must have free 
schools, 



EDUCATION 107 

''When we sa}^ free schools, we mean that everyone 
has a right to go to school and to get as much educa- 
tion as possible.'' 

Both Andrew and Sophi thought that this was a 
good plan. 

The teacher told them other good reasons why 
they should get as much education as possible. 

''You can raise 3^ourself to a better position. You 
will get more enjoyment out of life because you will 
be able to read good books. 

"You will have more interesting things to talk 
about with your friends." 

The American school system reaches everyone, 
young and old. 

There are schools for the children. All children 
up to a certain age must attend schools. Each 
state has its own school laws. 

There are high schools, technical or industrial 
schools, and schools of commerce. Thus every 
person can learn to do those things which he likes 
best. 

The night schools help the grown-up people. 

Those who cannot speak English can learn. 

"If you know of someone who cannot speak 
English you should tell him about the free night 
schools," said Andrew to his friend. 

"The night schools also teach many other subjects 



108 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

besides the English language. You can learn dif- 
ferent trades such as carpentry, drafting, engi- 
neering, and many others," continued Andrew. 

''That is all vers^ fine indeed!" said Andrew's 
friend. ''America is truly a country of opportunity. 
Everyone can make the best of himself if he wants to 
do so. But from where does all the money come to 
pay for these schools? Someone must pay, I am 
sure." 

''The people pay for the schools through taxes," 
answered Andrew. "You see what fine schools we 
can have when all the people join together to keep 
them up. The schools ])elong to the people." 

The Public Library 

"How does it happen that }'ou know so much 
about the good books and magazines?" asked 
Andrew's friend. 

"I go to the Public Libraiy three or four times a 
week," answered Andrew. 

"Can anyone go there?" asked the friend. 

"Yes indeed. Anyone can go to the libraiy to get 
books if he takes good care of them. You can get 
a menilxM'shi]) card so that you may take the books 
home to read. 

"You will be suiprised when you see how many 
books there are," continued Andrew. "There are 



EDUCATION 109 

books on electricity, carpentry, gardening, or on any 
trade in which you are interested." 

''But I am afraid I shall not be able to find the 
books I want when there are so many," said the 
friend. 

''The librarian will help you to find any book you 
want. In every library there is always someone to 
help you. 

"The librarian is very kind, too, especially to 
strangers. It is her duty to see that the people get 
the books they want. 

"Let us go together to the library!" continued 
Andrew. "I shall ask my wife to come, too. She 
may want to get some books on cooking, dressmaking, 
or crocheting. Perhaps she might wish to get some 
interesting stories." 

"If you will wait a few minutes, I shaU ask my wife 
to go, too," said the friend. "I know she would hke 
to read books if she could get them." 

Andrew's friend and his wife were very much 
pleased with the library. 

"The library is the People's University/' said 

Andrew. "All people have an opportunity to learn 

here." 

The Art Museum 

"Have you ever been to the Art Museum?" 
asked Andrew of his friend. 



110 



LESSOXS IX DEMOCRACY 



"No, but I should like to go there," answered the 
friend. 

''Come, let us go together/' said Andrew. 

WTien Andrew's friend saw the beautiful pictures 
he was very much surprised. 

•'I did not know that there were so many beau- 
tiful pictures in America," said he. 




The Cleveland Museum of Art. 



"Yes, we have many kinds of pictures from all 
ovcv the world. There are statues, too. There are 
suits of armor which the soldiers in the olden times 
used to wear in battle." 

"I believe eveiything in the Museum has a true 
stoiy to t(^ll," said tlic friend. 

"Yes, you can learn a great deal by going to the 



PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY HI 

Museum. You will also enjoy yourself in a good 
way." 

''I must let all my friends know about the Art 
Museum ! '' 



LESSON 5 

PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY OF 
THE CITIZEN 

The City Fire Department 

The house next to Andrew's is on fire. The smoke 
pours from the doors and windows. 

Andrew's neighbor is much frightened. He does 
not know what to do. 

He runs around the burning house. He shouts, 
'^ Fire, fire ! my house is on fire ! " Then everybody is 
frightened. 

But Andrew is not frightened. He knows what to 
do. He runs to the next corner as quickly as he can. 
There is the Fire Alarm Box. 

Andrew follows the directions on the box. 
. He smashes the little glass window on the left side 
of the box. Inside is a knob: He turns the knob 
and opens the door. He pulls a hook and lets go. 

Andrew then waits near the Fire Alarm Box. 



112 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

111 a few moments the City Fii'e Department ha*« 
come ! 

They are always on duty, night and day. 

Andrew directs them to the fire. 

How quickly the firemen work ! They are real 
fire fighters. They attach the heavy hose to the city 
hydrant. They are streaming the water on the 
burning building. 

See that brave fireman ! He is cariying a woman 
and a child to safety. 

Now the fire is nearly out ! 

Many fires are caused by carelessness. 

Andrew's neighbor is careless. He allows his 
children to play with matches. He allows waste 
paper and rubbish to collect. 

Eveiy citizen should do his best to prevent needless 
loss of life and property. 

Evers^ citizen can help to prevent fires by following 
these rules : 

(1) Do ■ not throw down Hghted matches or 
cigarettes. 

(2) Do not light a fire in the stove with the use of 
kerosene oil. 

(3) Be careful with all fires. 

(4) See that gas pipes do not leak. 

(5) Do not build bonfires in your yard or in the 
street. 



PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY 113 

(6) Keep halls, stairways, and fire escapes free 
from obstructions. 

(7) Keep the house and yard free from rubbish. 




Copyriijlii by I'lukruood and L'ndirirood. 

Firemen putting out a fire. 



114 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

(8) Put ashes and oily or greasy material in a 
metal box with a metal cover. 

The City Police Department 

Andrew is on his way to find work. The streets 
are crowded. 

The people aU seem to be in a great huriy. 

Wagons, automobiles, and street cars pass. 

But there is order. All the people must walk on 
their right-hand side of the walk. All the vehicles 
move on their right hand of the street. 

At the crossing a traffic policeman gives signals to 
the vehicles when to go and when to stop. 

An automobile driver has not heeded the signals 
of the traffic man. 

The traffic man takes his number. The driver 
will be arrested. 

The city is right in punishing this reckless driver 
because he is thoughtless of others' lives. 

There is a policeman standing on the corner. 

Andrew cannot find the place for which he is 
looking. The policeman directs him. 

The policeman is always ready to give in forma-: 
tion about the city to anyone who needs it. 

If you do not know how to find a street, a pul.)lic 
building, or a lodging house, do not be afraid to ask 
the policeman. 



PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY 115 

The duty of the pohceman is to be a friendly guide 
to the people, especially to strangers or people from 
foreign lands. 




Copyriglil hy Under uuod and UndrrwoocL. 

a traffic policeman regulating traffic on fifth avenue, 
New York City. 

The duty of the policeman is also to keep order and 
to protect the citizens from law-breakers. 

The city has police regulations concerning pool- 
rooms. The policeman must see that these regula- 
tions are carried out. 



116 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The policeman must scatter all crowds that collect 
in the streets or in alleys. 

He must see that all laws are carried out and arrest 
all law-breakers. 

Every citizen should respect and obe}' the police- 
man's orders. 

LESSON 6 
RECREATION 

'^I do not know why I am so tired/' said Andrew. 
'^I am sure I have had enough sleep." 

''I know what is the matter," said his wife Sophi. 
'^You hav(^ ])een doing the same things for too long. 
You have been slee])ing, eating, and working onh'. 
Sleep alone cannot give you rest. Now you need a 
change. You need I'ecreation." 

'^ Yes, I believe that is true," said Andrew. ''But, 
what else is there for me to do ? " 

''Let us all go to the City Park next Sunday. I 
iie(Hl some recreation, too." 

"May we take our bathing suits and go in bath- 
ing?" asked the children. 

"Yes, there is a fine bathing beach in the park." 

Andrew and his family enjoyed themselves in the 
Ix'autii'ul ])ai-k. It was so ])leasant in the fresh, 
clean air and under {\\c green, cool trees. 



RECREATION 



117 








Any person can find healthful recreation. 



118 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

When the family had eaten the picnic lunch, 
the children threw the waste paper on the ground. 

Sophi and Andrew^ had to remind their children. 

" Do }'ou see that sign over there ? " said Andrew to 
the children. 

''Yes, it sayS; 'This park belongs to ijou." Help to 
keep it elean.' " 

The children obeyed him quickh^ because they 
wanted to help to keep the park neat and clean. 

\Mien Andrew and his famil}^ were returning home, 
they passed a poolroom. 

Many boys and men w^ere standing near the door. 
The}' were smoking cigarettes. The}' were using 
bad language. 

'' I am yeiy soriy for them/' said Andrew. '^They 
haye not had such a good time as we haye had to- 
da}' ! The}' look yeiy tired and unhappy. To- 
morrow morning they wiU hate to go to work." 

''Yes, that is tme," said Sophi. "If they only 
knew about some really good recreation, they would 
not spend their time hanging around poolrooms. 
People who haye had recreation can do much better 
work. This is because their bodies and minds haye 
had a chance to rest." 

"Eyeiybody should haye a chance to get good 
recreation," said Andrew. 

"Everybody ean have good recreation," answered 



RECREATION 



119 



Sophi. ''The city provides bathing beaches, parks, 
and tennis courts. 

''In the schools are community centers where people 
can go in the evenings to dance, play basket ball, or 
swim. 




Dancing in a community center held in a public school. 



"There are sewing clubs, knitting clubs, and glee 
clubs. Frequently there are good lectures on politics, 
government, and many other subjects." 

"But why don't people try to find recreation that 
is good for them ? " asked Andrew. "They would 
be much happier and better citizens." 



120 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

"1 think man}^ people do not know how to find 
good recreation," answered Sophi. 

''Then every good citizen should tell his friends and 
neighbors/' said Andrew. ''He should show them 
liow to take advantage of the recreation which the 
city government provides." 

"There are many other ways, too, in which a 
citizen can find recreation," said Sophi. "You can 
have a fine time right in your own home with your 
family when you do not wish to go out." 

"Yes indeed ! " said Andrew. " Don't you remem- 
])er our friend John ? He never cares to go out very 
much ])ut he enjoys himself at home by practicing 
on his violin or reading a stoiy to his wife or children. 
Sometimes he makes furniture or works in his fine 
garden." 

"And he is very young looking to be a middle-aged 
man," said Sophi. "I beheve he has kept young by 
having the right kind of recreation." 

LESSON 7 

OUR BEAUTIFUL CITY 

"To-morrow a few of my friends from another 
city ar(^ coming to \'isit me. I shall be very proud to 
show them our bc^autiful city," said Andrew to his 
neighbor. 



OUR BEAUTIFUL CITY 



121 




122 LESSOXS IX DEMOCRACY 

''I do not see why you slioukl care about ainihing 
beautiful/' replied the neighbor. '4 can live just 
as well without taking the trouble to make things 
look beautiful." 

" But don't you want other people to respect you ? " 
asked Andrew. 

''Yes, certainly, but what has that to do with 
beauty?" asked the neighbor. 

''If you keep yourself and your home ugly, people 
will not respect you," answered Andrew. "It is the 
same way with an ugly city. If my friends find that 
our city is ugly they will not respect the city and 
above all they will not respect me. They wiU say 
that it is up to the citizens to make their city beau- 
tiful. If the citizen is careless about his own home 
and yard, he is to blame if the city is not beautiful." 

"I thought that it was the city government's 
duty to make the city beautiful. Don't we pay taxes 
for that, too?" 

"Yes," answered Andrew. " The city does a great 
deal. The city keeps the streets clean and im])roves 
them whencA'er necessaiy. The cit}^ takes care of 
the trees in the parks. Whenever there are any bad 
buildings, the city orders them to be torn down. 
The city l:)uilds all public buildings. Our city has a 
group plan for the public buildings. The City Hall, 
the Main Library, the Chamber of Commerce, and 



OUR BEAUTIFUL CITY 



123 



the City Auditorium are all grouped together in a way 
to make the center of the city very fine looking." 
"Then we do not need to trouble ourselves about 



keeping the city 
neighbor. 



beautiful, do we?'' asked the 




Every good citizen endeavors to keep his own yard 
clean and beautiful. 

"That is where you are wrong/' answered Andrew 
quickly. "The beauty of our city depends mostly 
upon each citizen. He must keep his own yard and 
home beautiful. Even the poorest home looks well 
if the law^n is green and smooth and there are a few 
flowers." 



124 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



'^That is quite true/' answered the neighbor. ''1 
never thought of it in that way." 

''Waste paper, refuse, and garbage scattered about, 




(^'"^ 



Billboards mar the beauty of a street. 



all make the yard ugh\ My children think so, too. 
They help me to keep the yard free from rubbish. 
And do }'ou see those billboards across the street? 



OUR BEAUTIFUL CITY 125 

They mar beauty, too. I think we should protest 
against billboards of all kinds." 

''Yes, I feel like beginning right away!" said the 
neighbor. ''Now I can see how ugly everjrthing is. 
I believe I agree with you on this question." 

"A beautiful city makes beautiful citizens," 
continued Andrew. "By that I mean citizens with 
beautiful characters. And that is the most impor- 
tant of all." 



PART FIVE 

THE CITIZEN AND HIS WORK 

LESSON 1 
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WORK 

In a lai'ge country like the United States there are 
many opportunities for work. 

Nearly eveiyone has a chance to choose the work 
which he likes best and for which he is best fitted. 

In the cities there is factory work, machine work, 
work in stores, office work, carpentry, shipbuilding, 
and business of all kinds. 

If a citizen cannot find suitable work in one city, 
he can go to another city. Railroads connect the 
cities. The railroads are a great help to those who 
cannot find employment in one place. 

In olden times people were forced, more or less, to 
stay in one place. It was a great hardship to move 
from one place to another because there were no rail- 
roads. Peo])le were veiy poor. There were not so 
many incUistries as to-day. People made their 
living directly from the land. Often this was a veiy 
poor living. 

126 



HOW TO FIND WORK 127 

To-day there are hundreds of occupations with 
good pay. 

Because of the raih'oads, people are more free to go 
wherever they wish to find work. 

Many people like to live and work in large cities. 

But there are also many who do not like the cities. 

For them there are opportunities on the farms or 
on the big cattle ranches of the west. There is work 
in the mines of Pennsylvania^ Colorado^ Montana; or 
Michigan. There is the fishing industry on the 
eastern and western coasts of the United States. 
There is lumbering in the lumber camps of Maine, 
Minnesota, or in the western states. Locate on the 
map the largest industrial centers of the United 
States. 



LESSON 2 
HOW TO FIND WORK 

At one time or other you have probably been out 
of work. Then you know how hard it sometimes is 
to know how to find the kind of work which you 
would like. 

Of course you always try to find work you like. 
You know that then you will do much better work. 
You will also be a happier and better person. 



128 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

There are many ways to find work. Sometimes 
the newspaper advertisements will help you. 

In the Help Wanted columns you will find advertise- 
ments calling for machinists, bench hands, machine 
operators on engine lathes, milling machines, or drill 
presses. There are listed many openings for people 
who can do the work. 

Or perhaps you have a friend who knows of an 
opening. Another way is to go from employer to 
employer and ask directly for work. 

If you know a trade and if there is plent}' of work 
in this trade, you should join a union. This is often 
the quickest way to get into your kind of work. 

How the Government Helps People to Find Work 

In many big cities there are Public Employment 
Bureaus. 

These employment bureaus know of factories and 
companies that need workers. 

Men and women who are out of work often find 
the government employment bureau the best help for 
many reasons. Some of these reasons are : 

(1) The government bureau finds work for people 
free of charge. No one should ever have to pay for 
getting work. 

(2) The government bureau ti'ies to find people the 
kind of work for which ihv\ arc best fitted. 



HOW TO FIND WORK 



129 



(3) The government bureau knows of openings in 
different parts of the countiy and can give good 
ad\4ce as to what are the best trades. 




Copyright by Underwood and Underwood. ■ 
WAITrNG FOR WORK AT THE UnITED StATES EMPLOYMENT 

Bureau. 

(4) The government bureau works for the l^enefit 
of the people and not for itself. 

Have you a government employment bureau in 
your city ? 

If you have; you will find it much better and safer 
than any private employment bureaus. 

The private bureaus help you to get work only for 
their own gain. 



130 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Veiy often you will have to pa}' them a high price 
for a poor job. 

The government employment bureau tries to help 
eveiy citizen to become self-supporting. 

It helps to make it easy for the citizen to find the 
right job. 

For these reasons you can see how necessaiy the 
government employment bureau is to the citizens. 

LESSON 3 
HOW TO ADVANCE IN WORK 

Tony came to the United States about ten years ago. 

He came because some friends had written him 
about the easy work and good pay in America. 

But now Tony is always complaining. He tells 
his friends how disappointed he is with his w^ork in 
America. He says there is no chance to get ahead. 

Tony, however, is a lazy, idle fellow. AMienever 
he can, he shifts his work over on to the next man. 

In the mornings Tony is alwa}\s late about fifteen 
or twenty minutes. He is the kind of fellow who 
''hangs around on the job." He never finds his work 
interesting. He never stops looking at the clock. 
Tony is very careless and wasteful with the company's 
material. He thinks that because it does not belong 
to him dircM'tly, h(^ dov^ not need to be saving. 



HOW TO ADVANCE IN WORK 131 

It is easy to see why Tony cannot get ahead in his 
work. 

If the company promoted such a man, it would 
be ver}^ unfair indeed to its good workmen. 

Steve, who works in the same shop, came to the 
United States about five years ago. 

The company has promoted Steve several times 
and he is stiU in line for promotions. 

But the company did not promote Steve for 
nothing. 

The truth is that Steve is a good workman who has 
tried hard to better himself. 

When Steve first came to America he had several 
jobs which he did not like. The pay was poor. 

Steve, however, was not discouraged. He realized 
that as long as he could not speak English and did 
not know a trade, he could expect nothing better. 

Therefore Steve went to night school to learn 
English. He went to the public hbrary where he 
found books telling of opportunities in different 
trades. 

At last he discovered a trade in which he thought 
there would be a chance for advancement. 

When Steve had learned enough EngHsh he went 
to an evening trade school. 

By hard work and honest, healthful living, Steve 
has been able to better himself. 



132 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

^Vllen people ask Steve about his success, he tells 
them that anyone can succeed in America if he is 
industrious and anxious to get ahead. 



LESSON 4 
A LETTER APPLYING FOR WORK 

WHien John came to America he had many difficul- 
ties because he could not speak English. 

But he was not discouraged. He went to night 
school and learned English. 

Then he went to night Technical High School and 
learned about electricity and machine work, two 
evenings a week. On other evenings he studied 
arithmetic and advanced English. 

John tried hard to learn. Sometimes he would be 
ver}^ tired. It seemed to take so long to learn any- 
thing. But John did not give up. He kept right 
on and before long he was through with the Techni- 
cal High School. He received a diploma which 
showed that he was a graduate of the city night 
Technical High School. 

He was veiy happy and set about innncdiately 
to look for better work. 

He looked through the Help Wanted columns of 
the newspaper. Soon he saw this advertisement : 



A LETTER APPLYING FOR WORK 133 



Wanted: Order clerk in sales office of large electrical 
manufacturing company ; state age and salary expected. 
The Lawson Electrical Manufacturing Company, Sidney, 
New York. 



This seemed to be a good opening for John. 
He went to his desk and took out his best business 
writing paper. Very carefully he wrote this letter : 

S U-Ct-'^r^- 'a-fi-i-*--. U-<ru_^ c»_cL<A<./«JZ:<i>XL.^-iU^ •-«-. 



134 LESSOXS IN DEMOCRACY 

When John had written this letter he folded it 
properly and put it into an envelope properly ad- 
dressed. 




After a few days John received a repl}\ The 
company asked him to call and talk it over. John 
did call and talk it over. He decided to accept the 
position. It was not long before John advanced to a 
higher position in the same company. 

He was never soriy that he had spent his evenings 
in attending school. While the other fellows spent 
their spare time on the street corners or in pool- 
rooms^ John used his spare time profitably. 

Now both John and his family are in comfortable 
circumstances. 

John can send his children to school to get the best 
education. They will not have to struggle the way 
their father did. 

Exercise 

Look in the Help W^anted colunms of your daily 
paper. Find an advertisement for some position 



SPENDING MONEY AND SAVING MONEY 135 

you could fill. Try to write a letter applying for 
this position. 

LESSON 5 
SPENDING MONEY AND SAVING MONEY 

Joe earns good wages but still he and his family 
are very poor. The children must wear ragged clothes 
and badly worn shoes. 

Joe's wife never looks well dressed. Joe never 
goes out with her on Sundays. He seems to be 
ashamed of her. 

Many people wonder why Joe and his family are 
so poor. 

But those who know a little more about Joe and 
his family know the real reasons. 

When Joe gets his pay, he and his wife do not 
make any plans for the best ways of spending it. 

Joe spends money foolishly. He goes to gam- 
bling rooms. Joe's wife is a careless, lazy woman. 

She does not care to learn how to buy food. Some- 
times she buys too much food. 

Then she throws what is left over into the garbage 
can. 

She buys all kinds of useless articles from the 
bargain counter, not because she needs them but 
because they are cheap. 



136 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

When the children ask for pennies, nickels, and 
dimes, she gives them. 

The children spend the money on bad candy, bad 
movies, and on man}^ other things which are not good 
for them. 

When it is time to pay the rent, the gas bill, and 
many other necessaiy things, Joe and his wife 
find they have no money left. 

Of course it is easy to see why they are so poor. 

Joe's neighbor Sam does not get such high wages. 

But Sam and his wife always seem able to get along 
very well. 

Sam never spends any money in poolrooms or 
in gambling. 

He brings home his entire pay to his wdfe. 

Together they plan how to spend their money for 
the things they need. 

Sam's wife has learned that it is much cheaper to 
buy in quantities all foods which will keep. 

It is best to buy fresh foods in season. Cheaper 
cuts of meat can be made tender by long, slow cook- 
ing and are just as healthful as expensive cuts. 

No good food, no matter how little, should ever 
be thrown into the garbage can. Sam's wife has 
learned many good wa3^s of preparing left over foods. 

She sews all the clothes for her cliildren and herself. 

On Sundays Sam is very proud of his wife and 



SPENDING MONEY AND SAVING MONEY 137 

children as they walk along the street on then- way 
to church or the park. 

Sam and his wife are both very careful in spending 
money. 

But they never try to save if they need to spend 
money in keeping themselves healthy and comfort- 
able. 

That does not mean that Sam and his wife do not 
save. They do save, but in a wise wa}^ 




Waiting in line to deposit money in the bank is not 

WASTING time. 



138 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Some day they expect to buy a home of their own. 

Every pay day they put aside a Httle. 

At the bank they have started a savings account. 

The bank keeps the money safe from thieves. 
Besides they give a small rate of interest. This is 
better than keeping the money at home or in the vest 
pocket. 

Besides saving for a home, a savings account is 
very good for another reason. Sam may not always 
have steady work or he may fall sick. Then he and 
his family will have something to help them over 
the hard times. 



LESSON 6 
LABOR AND CAPITAL 

Labor 

Early in the morning the streets and street cars 
are crowded with people. 

There are men and women, young and old. 

They are going to work. But why are the}- going 
to work? 

You will sa}' that they are going to work to earn a 
living. But they do not labor as people did in olden 
times. Then each person worked for himself. 

He went into the woods and hunted wild animals. 



LABOR AND CAPITAL 139 

He had his own piece of land. He had his own 
tools with which to work. He raised his own food 
for himself and his family. 

Then came a great change in the way people earned 
their living. 

To-day most people do not work for themselves. 
They work for an employer in the shopS; factories, 
mines, or on the railroads and steamships. 

Those who work for an employer are called 
employees. 

The laborer owns the power to labor. 

The employer owns the tools, the machiner}^, and 
the factory buildings. 

The employees do not own any machiner}^ or fac- 
tory buildings. All they own is their power to labor. 

They can sell this labor power to the employer. 
Some people have one kind of labor power to sell, 
others have some other kind. For this they will get 
wages to buy food, clothing, and many other things. 

All the laborers together make all the things that 
everybody in the world needs in order to live. 

But who are the laborers? They are the people 
who do the world's work both with minds and hands. 

The laborers give labor to supply our needs. 

In return they get wages. 

The employer gives the use of his machiner}^ and 
factory buildings. 




Silk weaving. The laborer owns the power to labor. 

140 



LABOR AND CAPITAL 141 

In return he may get profit. How does he get this 
profit? He gets it in this way. The laborers 
produce goods for him. He sells these goods at a 
higher price than the cost. 

After he has paid the wages to the laborers^ and 
other expenses^ he has saved something for himself. 
This is profit. Profit comes about through labor. 

Of course you can easily see why there will be 
some trouble between the employer and the employees. 

The employer wants as high profits as he can get. 
Then he can build up a bigger and more profitable 
business. 

The employees want as high wages and short 
hours as they can get. If the wages are high and the 
hours are short, the employees can live in a better 
way. 

In another lesson on unions, we shall read about 
how these troubles between the employers are many 
times straightened out. 

Capital 

What is capital ? You have probably heard people 
talking a great deal about capital. 

Sometimes you have seen that people get very 
angry when they talk about capital. 

But they would not be so angry if they really 
understood what it means. 



142 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



Let us see how capital comes into existence. 

Max Jones is an employer. He owns a clothing 
factoiy. But Max Jones wants to make his business 
bigger. 

Let us say that he makes some profits. He saves 
his profits. He uses this saved profit to build a 



DEPOSITED IN THE 



Bank of the Manhattan Company 

31 UNION SQUARE 




/L 



.191 



1 



PLEASE LIST EACH CHECK SEPARATELY 



BILLS 



GOLD 



SILVER 



CHECKS 



yfoo 



This deposit slip shows that Boris Zabriskie has 
deposited seventy-five dollars in the bank. 



LABOR AND CAPITAL 143 

larger factoiy. Then his workers can produce more 
clothes to sell. Usually the more he can sell the 
greater will be his profits. 

Now this saved profit which has been used to make 
more goods is called capital. 

Or let us say that Max Jones has not made enough 
profit to build. 

But still he thinks that a bigger business would 
give him better profits. 



Balarre forward '/ /J^S~0 '. 

Total »y^,.fO j B.VNK OF THE ^LVNILVT XVN C0MR4NY . 2 



QUARE 

Check Ko /<?/ \ g 7«< 




Balance ♦i9f.7.J" : 




_ I East TO THE ^-f ^, 

O F -^1^^ 



Boris Zabriskie draws checks on his bank to pay his bills. 

He goes to the bank. The bank has received 
money from people who have saved and do not 
need to use it at the time. Some people have put 
into the bank only small savings ; others have put in 
larger savings. 

At a certain rate of interest, Max can borrow 
money from these savings. Then he uses the savings 
of many people to make his business bigger. 

With a big business he can probably make higher 
profits and it will be easy to pay back the money he 
borrowed. 



144 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

These savings which helped Max to make a bigger 
business are capital. 

Savings that can be used to make more things that 
people need are called capital. 

Everyone who does not use up for himself all he 
earns, but puts that money into the bank, helps to 
make capital. 

Capital, as you have seen, helps to make more 
things that people need. For this reason capital is 
very necessaiy. 

You have probably noticed that someone controls 
industiy and capital. The one who controls the 
industry and capital is called a capitalist. 

Max Jones is a capitalist. But capital is not al- 
ways controlled by one person alone. 

More often persons who already have some capital 
join themselves together into companies. The com- 
panies join themselves together to form bigger 
companies. 

In this way, capitalists can produce more things 
for the market without so much waste and competi- 
tion. Of course the profits will be much greater 
than before. 

In some ways the capitalists have been of great 
service to the world. They have built up large 
industries all over the countiy. 

To-da}' the average person is better off than in 



LABOR AND CAPITAL 145 

olden times. He can have better clothes, better food, 
and a better home. 

The capitalists have found ways to put to work the 
small savings of millions of people. 

In some other ways capitalists have done some 
harm to the people. 

Many times capitalists give the laborers unfair 
wages in order to make high profits. 

Many times the capitalists overwork the laborers 
and neglect the sanitary conditions of the factory or 
shop. 

Many times the capitalist has been able to borrow 
money at a low rate of interest while the small 
business man or the farmer had to pay a high 
rate. 

For such reasons the government has been com- 
pelled to regulate capital and corporations. 

Many laws have been passed to protect the people 
from injustice on the part of capitalists. 

Some people think that the government should 
take entire control and ownership of capital and the 
means of production. 

Then the people would have a real voice in regulat- 
ing capital. 

Others say that this would bring more troubles 
than we have now with the capitalists. 

They say that industries cannot grow so well under 



146 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

government control as under private control. Then 
there would be greater poverty than before. 

During the Great War, the government controlled 
a few of the biggest industries such as the rail- 
roads and telegraph and telephone systems. This 
was necessar}' and helped to bring the end of the 
war. 

Some people think this proves that government 
control and ownership of big industries is better than 
private control. 

This is a question on which man}^ honest men do 
not always agree. All good citizens should be 
thinking about this question. 



LESSON 7 
THE UNIONS 

Ever}^one know^s that there is often trouble be- 
tween the employer and employees. 

The employer is usually in business to make profits. 
Of course we cannot blame him for wanting to do this. 

But in tiyuig to make profits, the employer some- 
times forgets the workers. 

The emploj^er sometimes expects the employees 
to work long hoin*s at low wages in dark, unhealth- 
ful factories. 



THE UNIONS 147 

Then the employees sometimes find that they have 
not enough money to buy food and clothing for their 
families, or to pay the rent. 

In such cases the employees often band together 
to get higher wages or better working conditions. 

They join themselves together to form a union 
of their particular trade. They elect officers or 
business agents. 

Whenever the workers feel that their wages are 
too low or that the employer is unfair to them, they 
send the business agents to the employer. 

The business agents demand higher wages and 
better conditions for the workers. 

If the demands seem reasonable to the employer, 
he gives the workers what they ask. 

If the demands seem unreasonable to the employer, 
he refuses them. 

But the union members do not give up. 

They are very strong because they are united. 
Together they '^walk out'' or ^^strike." 

Then the employer is sometimes forced to give 
them what they ask. 

The strike has sometimes helped the workers get 
better conditions. 

The strike has also been a bad thing for the 
workers. Many strikes have lasted a long time. 
Of course then the workers suffer so much that 



148 



LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



'^ 




y -.-, ' - 



^^^^"^^i^if^mfK^mmimmmmsi 



tnte^ 



vliFhQi 



FFT^E 



A LABOR DELEGATE ADDRESSING PEOPLE IN A PUBLIC SQUARE. 

they soiiietiinos must give up and go l)aek to work 
without getting better wages or shorter hours. 

During long strikes the employers suffer, too, 
because they cannot can-y on their business without 
workers. 

For this reason both emplo^^rs and employees 
have tried to find better ways of settling their dif- 
ferences. 

One of these ways is to get a few people on the 
outside to settle the differences for them. This is 
called arbitration. 

Another and newer way is to appoint in each shop 
work committees of work people, set up by the joint 



THE UNIONS 149 

consent of the employer and employees. The 
committee reports to or receives from the manage- 
ment any complaints between the employers and 
workmen. 

As a whole the unions have helped in many ways 
to better conditions for the workers. 

The unions have raised the standards of wages and 
hours. 

In former times the standard working hours 
were from sunrise to sundown. Now the standard 
working day is often considered to be eight hours. 

The unions have forced many good laws to be 
passed by our government. Some of these are laws 
on workmen's compensation^ health and sanitation, 
safety devices, eight-hour day, hours for women, 
child labor laws, private employment bureaus, 
mining, and minimum wage laws. 

All these laws have done much to improve the 
living conditions of the workers. 

Many workers to-day live in better homes than 
formerly. 

Shorter hours give the worker more time for recre- 
ation and for improving himself through education. 

Better standards of wages help the worker to give 
his children the best schooling. 

Thus the union is simply a cooperation of workers 
organized to get better conditions for the workers. 



PART SIX 

CITIZENSHIP 

LESSON 1 
CITIZENSHIP — ITS RIGHTS AND DUTIES 

The Meaning of Citizenship 

To be a citizen is to be a member of a state. 

The citizen of the United States has rights which 
are not given to a person who is merely Hving in the 
United States. 

A person becomes a citizen of the United States in 
either of two wa3^s, by birth or by naturahzation. 

Our Constitution says that all persons born in the 
United States are citizens. 

A child born in the United States is a citizen even 
if his parents are not citizens. 

The laws of the United States provide a way for a 
citizen of another country to become a citizen of the 
United States. 

This way of becoming a citizen is called naturaliza- 
tion. 

150 



CITIZENSHIP— ITS RIGHTS AND DUTIES 151 

In another lesson we learn how a person may be- 
come a citizen through naturaUzation. 

When a man is natm-ahzed; his wife and children 
under the age of twenty-one become citizens, too. 

A person living in the United States who is not a 
citizen is called an alien. 

The Civil Rights of a Citizen 

The constitutions of the United States and of the 
states give to citizens certain rights which cannot 
be taken from them even by action of the highest 
officers of the government. 

These are called civil rights and under them we 
have civil liberty. 

The following civil rights are protected by pro- 
visions of the federal and state constitutions : 

1. The Right to Be Free. 

Slavery was forever abolished by the Thirteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution, adopted after the 
Civil War. 

2. The Right to Liberty in Religion. 

A man may worship as he wishes, providing his 
manner of exercising this right is not unlawful. 

3. The Right of Freedom of Speech and of the 
Press. 

This permits citizens to speak and write their 
opinions. But this does not extend to the telling 



152 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

of untruths about others which will cause injury, and 
it does not extend to telling others to disobey the law. 

4. The Right to Assemble and Petition. 

People may meet and discuss their affairs if such 
meetings are not disturbances of the peace. They 
may also petition the government and secure a hear- 
ing from their public officers. 

5. The Right to Fair Treatment if Accused of Ciime. 
This includes a speed}^ and pubHc trial, a judgment 

by a juiy, and the right to a Writ of Habeas Corpus. 
This latter is to prevent the holding of a person with- 
out a trial. 

In addition to these rights, the citizen may demand 
of the government the right of personal security. 

We have the right to ask the government to pro- 
tect our health and lives. 

Firemen protect us from the dangers of fire. 

The police protect us from unlawful attack. 

The health authorities protect us from disease. 
Milk is inspected by the government inspectors in 
order that the innocent person who buys it may be 
sure that it is clean and free from disease. 

Political Rights 

Political rights are the })rivileges of voting and 
holding office. 

These are not like civil rights. 



CITIZENSHIP — ITS RIGHTS AND DUTIES 153 




154 LESSONS ly DEMOCRACY 

Some citizens do not have them. 

Women are citizens. 

They have civil rights. 

But in some states they have no pohtical rights. 

The right of A^oting is called suffrage. 

In all states voters must be twenty-one years old. 

In most states voters must be citizens of the United 
States. 

In about one third of the states, women have no 
political rights. 

In a number of other states women have the vdte 
at school elections. 

In about one third of the states they have full 
political rights. 

All states require the voter to have resided a certain 
length of time in the state, city, and ward. 

LESSON 2 
HOW LAWS ARE MADE 

Representative Govern m ent 

In some towns in New England all of the citizens 
meet once each year in what is called a '4 own meet- 
ing." 

At this meeting, officers for the coming year are 
elected and laws and regulations are passed. 



HOW LAWS ARE MADE 155 

This is a government which is carried on directly 
by the people. It is a direct democracy. 

But this is not possible in the nation, a state, or a 
large city. 

Such great numbers of citizens cannot meet in a 
body. 

They must send representatives to speak for them. 

A senator represents the citizens of a state. 

A member of the state legislature represents a part 
of the state. 

Such a government is called a representative 
democracy. 

Laws are usually made b}^ representative as- 
semblies. 

How Laws are Made 

We have learned that Congress and state legis- 
latures are made up of two houses. 

Before a law is passed it is called a bill. 

A member of either house may bring in a bill for 
his fellow members to consider. 

If a majority of the house votes in favor of a bill, 
it goes to the second house for discussion and a vote. 

If a majority there vote in its favor, it goes to the 
executive for approval or disapproval. 

If he approves it, it becomes a law. 

If he disapproves, or vetoes, the biU, it goes back to 
the house where it started for further consideration. 



156 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

In Congress a majority of two thirds of each house 
can pass a bill which has been vetoed by the President. 

Changing the Constitution of the United States 

The most common way of amending or changing the 
Constitution of the United States is through two steps : 

1. The proposed amendment is passed by two 
thirds of the members of both houses of Congress. 

2. It is then approved by the legislatures of three 
fourths of the states. 

It is veiy hard to amend the Constitution of the 
United States. 

Only eighteen amendments have been passed in 
over a hundred }^ears. 

It is much easier to amend state constitutions. 

In most states a number of citizens may, by peti- 
tion, call for a vote of the citizens on a constitutional 
amendment. 

The constitution of some states is changed nearly 
eveiy year. 

The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall 

In many states there are ways by which the voters 
may express theirwishes directly in the making of laws. 

The initiative is a system by which a number of 
voters can propose a law to the legislature by means 
of a petition. 



POLITICAL PARTIES 157 

If the legislature then refuses to pass the proposed 
law, it is put upon the ballot for a vote of all the 
citizens at the next election. 

Under the referendum a number of citizens may 
petition to have a law (which was made by the 
legislature) voted upon at an election. 

In either the initiative or the referendum the vote of 
the people is final and the law is either passed or 
defeated according to the will of the majority of the 
voters. 

Under the recall, a number of citizens who are not 
satisfied with a public officer may petition for an 
election to decide whether this officer shall be kept in 
office. 

If a majority vote in favor of putting him out of 
office, his term is at an end and another citizen is 
elected in his place. 

LESSON 3 
POLITICAL PARTIES 

Why We Have Political Parties 

In all nations where the people have a part in the 
government there are political parties. 

In a repubhc they take a very active part in the 
government. 



158 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

A political party is a society of voters who work 
together to control government. 

Where there are thousands of voters, one man can 
do very little. 

So he joins with others who have the same views as 
himself. 

Working with others, he can help to elect candi- 
dates for office and have his views carried out by the 
government. 

The Parties in the United States 

There are two great parties in the United States, 
the Republican and the Democratic. 

Most of the voters belong to one of these. 

Most public officers have been elected by these 
parties. 

There are small parties also. 

The Socialist party is one of these. It favors the 
ownership by the government of all the instruments 
of manufacture and transportation. 

In some cities parties are organized to cany out 
policies which deal only with city affairs. 

How Parties Carry on Their Work 

All parties carry on their work through committees. 
There are national, state, and local committees of 
the parties. 



POLITICAL PARTIES 



159 




Photo, by Van Oej/en, Cleveland. 
A POLITICAL MEETING IN A TENT. 



The committees arrange for conventions, advertise 
candidates and issues, and look after the interests of 
the parties at all elections. 

The candidates for President, and in some states all 
other candidates, are chosen at conventions. 

Conventions are meetings of delegates belonging 
to a party. 

They not only select candidates but make up a list 
of policies which is called a ''platform." 

The Citizen and Political Parties 

Every citizen should read all newspapers on 
political questions. 

He should attend political meetings and hear what 
the candidates from each side have to say. 



160 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

He should have opinions on pubHc questions. 

He should not fear to express these opinions. 

It is the right of men living in a democracy to 
express their opinions and to take sides in political 
campaigns. 

Only when men are brave and honest in thinking 
and acting in politics can government really be 
democratic. 

But this does not mean that the citizen should be a 
slave to a party. 

To belong to a party is the right and duty of every 
American. 

But if the citizen does not agree with the policies 
of his party or if he does not approve of the candi- 
dates of his party, he should not support them. 

He should not vote as told by a political boss. 

He should think for himself and act as his duty 
directs him. 



LESSON 4 
ELECTING PUBLIC OFFICERS 

A Public Officer is a Public Servant 

In a letter addressed to his fellow countr}^men in 
1918 President Woodrow Wilson said, ''I am your 
servant and will accept your judgment." This 



ELECTING PUBLIC OFFICERS 161 

illustrates the great power which the people of a 
democracy have over their elected officers. 

Under a monarchy the people have no power to 
change their rulers. 

In a democracy public officers are not the masters 
but the servants of the people. 

The people select them. The people may cast 
them out. 

Nominating Public Officers 

Before there can be an election there must be a 
selection of candidates. This naming of candidates is 
called nomination. 

In the United States we have two ways of nom- 
inating candidates, the convention and the direct 
primary. 

Candidates for President are nominated at con- 
ventions of the great political parties. 

Many states nominate all of their officers at 
conventions. 

A convention is made up of members of a political 
party. 

The members of a convention are called delegates. 

Many citizens beheve that conventions are not 
satisfactory for nominating candidates for office. 

So in many states the people have taken a more 
direct part in nominating candidates. 



162 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The new way is called the '^dh'ect primaiy.'^ 

Under the direct primaiy system a primaiy election 
is held a few weeks before the regular election. 

At this primaiy election all the citizens of each 
party select candidates for their party. 

For example, the Democrats select Democratic 
candidates and Republican citizens choose Republi- 
can candidates. 

Many citizens who vote at regular elections neglect 
to vote at primaries. 

Such citizens do not perform their full dut}' as 
citizens. 

All citizens should vote at the primaries as well as 
at regular elections. 

The Campaign 

For several weeks before the election the candidates 
and their friends carry on what is known as the 
campaign. 

During this time they tell citizens about their 
views on public questions and what they will do if 
they are elected. 

In a democracy this campaign has veiy great value. 

It educates the citizen, gives him interest in public 
affairs, and enables him to find out whether his 
public officers have been honest and efficient public 
servants. 



ELECTING PUBLIC OFFICERS 



163 



The Election 



Presidential elections 
are held on the Tuesday 
after the first Monday 
in November. All mem- 
bers of Congress and all 
state officers are chosen 
on the same day in the 
year. 

To make elections eas- 
ier, cities are divided into 
wards and precincts. In 
each precinct is a voting 
place in charge of an elec- 
tion board. 

The kind of ballot 
used is not the same in 
every state. 

In some states all the 
candidates in one party 
are printed in the same 
column. 

On this kind of ballot 
a voter may vote a 
"straight ticket/' that is, 
he places an X at the top 



1 


Act of the Eighty-second 
General-Assembly Ordered, by 
Referendum Petition, to be Sub- 
mitted to the Electors of the 
State. 


1 




Yes 


HOUSE BILL No 16 
(WOMAN SUFFRAGE 
FOR PRESIDENTIAL 

ELECTORS) 
The Act. known as the 
Reynolds Act approved by 
the Covernof on Febru- 
ary 21. 1917. and filed 
with t'he Secretary of 
State February 21, 1917. 
amends Sections 4862 and 
4940 of the General Code 
of Ohio Said Act pro- 
vides that women may 
vote and be voted for, for 
presidential electors. 


= 


• 


No 





A Proposed Amendment to the Constitution 




i 


Proposed Amendment to 
the Constitution 


i 




Yes 


ARTICLE XV. 
SECTION 9 

Prphibition of the Sale 
and Manufacture for Sale 
of Intoxicating Liquors 
as a Beverage. 




No 



Amendment to the Charter of the City 
Aisen<)ment to tbe Charter of the City of Qerekod 

co«im.rk .r. ibc bUnk 19"' 

JENDMENT- 



I vot* FOR the tmendmcfH place 
led ol thr .Olds FOR THE « 
. .oif AGAINST Iht .mfnd"-"! 



THE 





To .mend S*<:Hon 196 of the charter of the 
city of Oeveland. by fixing »d eight hour day and 
s forty-eight hoar week (or any city eiDploye bi 
the clauifaed ^rrice. including member, of tbe d.- 
W»ion» of police and fire. 


1 




FOB THE AMENDMENT 


1 




AGAINST THE AMENDMENT 


1 



164 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

of the column and thus votes for all the candidates 
of his party. 

vSuch voting shows veiy little intelligence on the 
part of the voter. 

He shows himself to be unable to pick out good 
candidates wherever their names happen to be 
printed. 

In some states '^straight" voting is prevented by 
printing together the names of all candidates for an 
office. 

This compels the voter to select a candidate for 
each office. 

On the preceding page you will see some of the bal- 
lots that the voter is commonly called upon to use. 



LESSON 5 

STEPS IN TAKING OUT CITIZENSHIP " 
PAPERS 

AATien an alien wishes to become a citizen of the 
United States, he must take out citizenship papers. 

Citizenship papers may be taken out at the court 
which has jurisdiction -to naturalize aliens in the 
county in which the alien lives. 

An alien must take four steps before he can become 
a citizen of the United States : 



STEPS IN TAKING OUT CITIZENSHIP PAPERS 165 

1. He must file his Declaration of Intention, or 
^' first paper." 

2. He must file a Certificate of Arrival. 

3. He must file a Petition for Naturalization, or 
"second paper." 

4. He must appear before the judge for final hearing. 

Step 1. The Declaration of Intention 

The first paper is called the Declaration of Inten- 
tion. 

It means that the petitioner wishes to become a 
citizen and is declaring his intention of becoming one. 

The Declaration of Intention can be secured at any 
time after the alien has arrived in this country if he is 
eighteen years or over. 

An alien does not need to speak English to get his 
first paper. 

The first paper costs one dollar. 

According to law, a first paper is not good after 
seven years. 

The first paper may be taken out at the office of the 
clerk of the court which naturalizes aliens. 

Step 2. The Certificate of Arrival 

All aliens who came to the United States after June 
29, 1906, must secure a Certificate of Arrival before 
applying for the second paper. 



166 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

This certificate may be secured free of charge from 
the Bureau of NaturaHzation, Washington, D. C. 

A request blank for this purpose may be secured 
from the clerk of the court. 

The applicant must be very careful not to make 
any mistakes in filling out this blank. 

Step 3. Petition for Naturalization 

The next step toward naturalization is the filing 
of a Petition for Naturalization. 

This is called a petition because it means that the 
applicant is asking the court to make him a citizen. 

Before an alien can file his petition, he must have 
lived in the United States at least five yeai's con- 
tinuously, and one year in the state. 

He must file his petition at least two years after 
filing his Declaration of Intention. , 

He must appear before a Naturalization clerk with 
two witnesses who are citizens of the United States. 

If the witnesses are naturalized citizens, they 
should bring their certificates of naturalization. 

The witnesses must state that they have known 
the applicant for at least five years continuously. 

The}^ must state that the applicant is a good man 
and is worth}' to become a citizen of the United States. 

If the applicant has not lived in the state long 
enough to secure witnesses who have known him for 



STEPS IN TAKING OUT CITIZENSHIP PAPERS 167 

the full term of five j^ears, he ma}^ bring witnesses 
who have known him for the whole time he has lived 
in the state. This must be at least one year. 

He must also secure written statements in the form 
of ''depositions" from witnesses, showing residence 
in other state or states for the remaining portion of 
the five years. 

These deposition forms can be secured from the 
Naturalization clerk. He will assist the applicant 
in filling them out properly. Then he will send them 
to the Naturalization Examiner of the district in 
which the witnesses live. 

Women who are citizens of the United States may 
act as witnesses. 

After the witnesses are examined, the clerk will 
make out the Petition. 

Both the petitioner and the witnesses must sign the 
Petition. 

The alien may change his name if he can give a 
good reason for doing so. 

The fee for the petition is four dollars. 

The First Examination 

Within ninety da3^s after the filing of the Petition 
for Naturalization, the applicant, with his two wit- 
nesses, must appear before the naturalization ex- 
aminer of the federal government. 



168 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

The examiner will ask questions on the government 
of the United States, the state, and the city. 

To pass this examination, the applicant must be 
able not only to understand Enghsh but to speak 
English. 

He must be able to write his own name. 

He must be able to show that he can exercise the 
duties of a citizen. 

Step 4. Final Hearing 

At a later date the petitioner will be notified to 
appear in court with his two witnesses. 

He will be examined by the judge. If he is ac- 
cepted as a citizen he will be required to take the Oath 
of Allegiance. 

This oath is : 

'^I hereby declare on oath, that I absolutely and 
entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and 
fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or 
sovereignty, and particularly to (name of sovereign of 
country), of whom I have heretofore been a subject ; 
that I will support and defend the Constitution and 
laws of the United States of America, against all 
enemies, foreign and domestic, and that 1 will bear 
true faith and allegiance to the same." 

He will then be given his final Certificate of 
NaturaHzation. 



STEPS IN TAKING OUT CITIZENSHIP PAPERS 169 

This will make him, his wife, and his children 
under twenty-one 3^ears of age, citizens of the 
United States. 

If any of the citizenship papers are lost, new ones 
can be secured by applying to the Bureau of Natural- 
ization, Washington, D. C, through the office of 
the clerk of the court where the applicant was 
naturalized. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and 
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do 
ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
America. 

ARTICLE I 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be 
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

Section 2. 1. The House of Representatives shall be 
composed of members chosen every second year by the people 
of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the 
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch 
of the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have 
attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a 
citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes ^ shall be apportioned 
among the several States which may be included within this 
Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be 
determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, in- 
cluding those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding 
Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons.^ The actual 
enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by 
law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed 
one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least 
one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the 
State of New Ilampsliire slmll ])e entitled to choose three, Massa- 

* Partly superseded by the 14th Amendment. (See below, p. 185.) 

170 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 171 

chusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, 
Connecticut five, New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania 
eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina 
five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election 
to fill such vacancies. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker 
and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section 3. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legisla- 
ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote.^ 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence 
of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be 
into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second 
class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class 
at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be 
chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, 
or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the 
executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such va- 
cancies.^ 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained 
to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant 
of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President 
of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally 
divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a 
president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or 
when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- 
ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or 
affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
the chief justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted 
without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 

^ See the 17th Amendment, below, p. 186. 



172 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold 
and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United 
States : but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according 
to law. 

Section 4. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
each State by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at 
any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the 
places of choosing senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, 
and such meeting shall be on the first- Monday in December, 
unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section 5. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the 
elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and 
a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may 
be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, 
in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may 
provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, vAth. the con- 
currence of two thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and 
from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may 
in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the 
members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of 
one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three 
days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses 
shall be sitting. 

Section 6. 1. The senators and representatives shall 
receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by 
law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They 
shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, 
be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session 
of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the 
same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not 
be questioned in any other place. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 173 

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the 
authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or 
the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such 
time ; and no person holding any office under the United States 
shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. 

Section 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 
in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Repre- 
sentatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be 
presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve he 
shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to 
that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the 
objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. 
If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree 
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to 
the other House, by which it shall likewise be considered, and if 
approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. 
But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined 
by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and 
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House 
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been 
presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent 
its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
President of the United States ; and before the same shall take 
effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, 
shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed 
in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and 
collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and 
provide for the common defense and general welfare of the 
United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 



174 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- 
form laws on the subject of banki'uptcies throughout the United 
States ; 

5. To coin mone3^ regulate the value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
securities and current coin of the United States ; 

7. To establish post offices and post roads ; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by 
securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive 
right to their respective \\Titings and discoveries ; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of 
money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

13. To pro\ade and maintain a navy ; 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of 
the land and naval forces ; 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 

16. To pro\ide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the 
militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed 
in the service of the United States, reser\dng to the States respec- 
tively the appointment of the officers, and the authoritj^ of train- 
ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed. by Congress ; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, 
over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by 
cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, 
become the seat of the government of the United States, and to 
exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent 
of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other 
needful buildings ; and 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 175 

carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all the other 
powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the 
United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Section 9. 1. The migration or importation of such per- 
sons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, 
shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
person. 

2. The pri^dlege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public 
safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in 
proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to 
be taken.i 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com- 
merce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another : 
nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, 
clear, or pay duties in another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular 
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all 
public money shall be published from time to time. 

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : 
and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, 
shall, mthout the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, 
prince, or foreign State. 

Section 10. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, 
alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; 
coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and sil- 
ver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, 
ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or 
grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay 
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be 

1 See the 16th Amendment, below, p. 186. 



176 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net 
produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports 
or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; 
and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
the Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any 
duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, 
enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with 
a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in 
such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II 

Section 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. He shall hold his 
office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice 
President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : - 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole 
number of senators and representatives to which the State may 
be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or representative, 
or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United 
States, shall be appointed an elector. 

1 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall 
make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed 
to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, 
in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The 
person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, 
and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for 
President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five 
highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the 

1 The following paragraph was in force only from 1788 to 1803. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 177 

President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each State having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 
choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there 
should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall 
choose from them by ballot the Vice President.^ 

3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which 
day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of 
the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitu- 
tion, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any 
person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
the United States. 

5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of 
his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and 
duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice 
President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of 
removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and 
Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, 
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be 
removed, or a President shall be elected. 

6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his serv- 
ices a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor 
diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, 
and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument 
from the United States, or any of them. 

7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
the following oath or affirmation : — "I do solemnly swear (or 
affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of 
the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Section 2. 1. The President shall be commander in chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia 
of the several States, when called into the actual service of the 

1 Superseded by the 12th Amendment. (See p. 184.) 
N 



178 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the 
principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he 
shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses 
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the 
senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 
and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- 
lished by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President 
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies 
that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting 
commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section 3. 1. He shall from time to time give to the 
Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend 
to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 
both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement 
between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall 
receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care 
that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice President, and all civil 
officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on 
impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other 
high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be 
vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the 
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The 
judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 179 

for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
their authority ; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls ; — to all cases of admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction ; — to controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party ; — to controversies between two or more 
States ; — between a State and citizens of another State ; ^ — 
between citizens of different States, — between citizens of the 
same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and 
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, 
citizens or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the 
Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other 
cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate 
jurisdiction, both as to law and to fact, with such exceptions, and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 
shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where 
the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com- 
mitted within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places 
as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall 
co.nsist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 
convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment 
of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of 
blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained. 

ARTICLE IV 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State 
to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other 
State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the man- 

1 See the 11th Amendment, p. 183. 



180 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

ner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, 
and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or 
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 
State, shall on demand of the executive authority of the State 
from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any 
law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or 
labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom 
such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. 1. New States may be admitted by the 
Congress into tliis Union ; but no new State shall be formed or 
erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State 
be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States 
without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as 
Y/ell as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all 
needful rules and regulations respecting the territor^'^ or other 
property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this 
Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of 
the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every 
State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall 
protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the 
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be 
convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem 
it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, 
on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several 
States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, 
in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of 
this Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths 
of the several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 181 

as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by 
the Congress ; Provided that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in 
any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section 
of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall 
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against 
the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confeder- 
ation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof ; and all treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every 
State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and 
the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive 
and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several 
States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this 
Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a 
qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the 
States so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States 
present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our 
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven and of 
the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. 
In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 
Go : Washington — 
Presid. and Deputy from Virginia 



Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of 
the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and 



182 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

ratified by the legislatures of the several States pursuant to 
the fifth article of the original Constitution. 

ARTICLE II 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the 
freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people 
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a 
redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a 
free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not 
be infringed. 

ARTICLE III 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, 
without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon 
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly 
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to 
be seized. 

ARTICLE V 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise 
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand 
jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; 
nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice 
put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any 
criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall 
private property be taken for public use without just compensa- 
tion. 

1 The first ten Amendments adopted in 1791. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 183 



ARTICLE VI 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right 
to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State 
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which 
district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be 
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 
fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the 
assistance of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall 
exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, 
and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any 
court of the United States, than according to the rules of the 
common law. 

ARTICLE VIII 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall 
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
people. 

ARTICLE X 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- 
tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
States respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XII 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prose- 
cuted against one of the United States by citizens of another 
State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

1 Adopted in 1798. 



184 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 



ARTICLE XIII 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
bj^ ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, 
shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; 
they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, 
and in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice President, 
and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of 
the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; — the 
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes 
shall then be counted ; — the person having the greatest number 
of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted 
for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose 
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the 
President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall 
consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall 
act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional 
disability of the President. The person having the greatest 
number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two 
highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice 
President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds 
of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole 
number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitu- 
tionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to 
that of Vice President of the United States. 

1 Adopted in 1804. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 185 

ARTICLE XIIP 

Section I.' Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been 
duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place 
subject to their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV 2 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make 
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or im- 
munities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State 
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. 
But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of 
electors for President and Vice President of the United States, 
representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of 
a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to 
any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis 
of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which 
the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number 
of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, 
or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, 
who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, 
or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State 
legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to 
support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged 
in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or 

1 Adopted in 1865. 2 Adopted in 1868. 



186 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

comfort to the enemies thereof. But C'ongress may by a vote of 
two thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen- 
sions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or 
rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States 
nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or 
any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such 
debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XVI 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by 
any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XVI 2 

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on 
incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment 
among the several States, and without regard to any census or 
enumeration. 

ARTICLE XVIP 

The Senate of the United States shall bo composed of two 
senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six 
years ; and each senator shall have one vote. The electors in 
each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of 
the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 

» Adopted in 1870. 

2 Passed July, 1909; proclaimed February 25. 19i:i. 

•■' Passed May, 1912, in lieu of paragraph one. Section 3, Article I, of 
the Constitution and so much of paragraph two of the same Section as 
relates to the filling of vacancies; proclaimed May 31, 1913. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 187 

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State 
in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue 
writs of election to fill such vacancies : Provided, That the legisla- 
ture of any State may empower the executive thereof to make 
temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by 
election as the legislature may direct. 

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the 
election or term of any senator chosen before it becomes valid 
as part of the Constitution. 



ARTICLE XVIII 1 

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this 
article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating 
liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation 
thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes, is hereby prohibited. 

Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have 
concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall 
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the 
legislatures of the several States, as provided by the Constitution, 
within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the 
States by the Congress. 

1 Adopted in 1919. 



EXTRACTS FROM DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- 
ments are instituted among men, deri\dng their just powers from 
the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of govern- 
ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government ; 
lading its foundations on such principles, and organizing its 
powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect 
their safety and happiness. 

We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to 
disavow these usurpations, which would inevitablj^ interrupt our 
connections and correspondence. The}', too, have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and 
hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in 
peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, 
in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that 
they are absolved from the allegiance to the British crown, and 
that all political connection between them and the state of Great 
Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that as free and 
independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude 
peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other 
acts and things which independent States may of right do. And 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the 
protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

1S8 



ADDRESS DELIVERED BY PRESIDENT LINCOLN IN 
1863 IN HONOR OF THE SOLDIERS WHO FOUGHT 
AT GETTYSBURG 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on 
this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated 
to the proposition that all men are created equal. 

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that 
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long 
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have 
come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place 
for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. 
It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot 
consecrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, 
li^dng and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above 
oiu- poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor 
long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what 
they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated 
here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have 
thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here 
dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from 
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for 
which they gave the last full measure of devotion ; that we here 
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ; that 
this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom ; 
and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, 
shall not perish from the earth. 



189 



America, the Beautiful 



Katharine Lee Bates 



Samuel A. Ward 



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1. O beau - ti - f ul 

2. O beau - ti - ful 

3. O beau - ti - ful 

4. O beau -ti- ful 



for spa-cious skies, For ani-ber waves of grain, 
for pil-grim feet Wliose stern impassioned stress 
for glo-rioustale Of lib-er - a-ting strife, 
for pa-triot's dream That sees beyond the years 
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For pur - pie moun-tain maj - es-ties A - bove tlie fruit-ed plain. 
A tlior-ough-fare for free-<lombeat A-cross tlie wil-der-ness. 
When val-iant-ly for man's a-vail Men lav-ish pre-ciouslife. 
Thine al - a - bas - ter cit - ies gleam Un-dimmed by hu-man tears, 

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ca! 
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God 
God 1 
May 
God 

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shed His grace or 
nend thine ev-'ry 
Glod thy gold re - 
shed Ilis grace on 

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flaw, 
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And crown thy good with brother-hood From sea to shin - ing sea. 
Con -firm thy soul in self-con-trol, Tliy lib - er - ty in law. 
Till all suc-cess be no - ble-ness And ev-'ry man di-vine. 
And crown thy good with brother-hood From sea to shin - ing sea. 



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STAR SPANGLED BANNER 

Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early Hght 
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last 

gleaming. 
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the 

perilous fight. 
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly 

streaming ? 
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air. 
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still 

there. 

Oh, say, does that star spangled banner yet wave 
O'er the land of the free — and the home of the 
brave ? 

Oh, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 
Between their loved home and wild war's desolation. 
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued 

land 
Praise the Pow'r that hath made and preserved u^ a 

nation. 
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just. 
And this be our motto : ^'In God is our trust !" 

And the star spangled banner in triumph shall wave 
O'er the land of the free — and the home of the 
brave. 

191 



AMERICA 

My country, 'tis of thee, 
Sweet land of liberty, 

Of thee I sing ; 
Land where my fathers died, 
Land of the pilgrims' pride. 
From ever}^ mountain-side 

Let freedom ring. 

Let music swell the breeze. 
And ring from all the trees 

Sweet freedom's song ; 
Let mortal tongues aw^ake, 
Let all that breathe partake. 
Let rocks their silence break. 

The sound prolong. 

Our fathers' God, to Thee, 
Author of liberty, 

To Thee I sing ; 
Long may our land be bright 
With freedom's holy light ; 
Protect us by Thy might. 

Great God our King. 
192 



SAMPLES OF CITIZENSHIP PAPERS 

Form 2213 

FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
Naturalization Service 



NOTE. — A copy of this form will be furnished by the clerk of the 
court to each applicant for a declaration of intention. After being filled 
out the form is to be returned to the clerk, to be used by him in 
properly filling out the declaration. If the applicant landed on or after 
June 29, 1906, his declaration should not be filed until the name of the 
vessel is definitely given (or the name of the railroad and border port in 
the United States through which the alien entered) , as well as the date 
of arrival. 

TO THE APPLICANT. — The fee of one dollar must be paid to the 
clerk of the court before he commences to fill out the declaration of 
intention. No fee is chargeable for this blank. 

Name : Age : years. 

(Do not abbreviate any part of name by initial or otherwise.) 

(Give age at last birthday.) 

Occupation : 

Color : Complexion : 

Height : feet inches. Weight : pounds. 

Color of hair : Color of eyes : 

Other visible distinctive marks 

(If no visible distinctive marks so state.) 

Where born : 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

Date of birth : 

(Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

o 193 



194 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

Present residence : 

(Number and Street.) (City or town.) (State, Ter., or Dist.) 

Emigrated from : 

(Port of embarkation.) (Country.) 

Name of vessel : 

(If the applicant arrived otherwise than by vessel, the 
character of conveyance or name of transportation 
company should be given.) 

Last place of foreign residence : 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

I am now a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance to * (See note.) 

(Name.) (Title.) 

Date of arrival in United States , , 

(Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

Port of arrival : . , 

(City or town.) (State or Territory.) 

* Note. — If applicant is a citizen of a foreign Republic he should 
fill in the following line in lieu of the above, writing the name of the 
Republic only. 

I am now a citizen of and intend to renounce allegiance to the 
Republic of 



REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL 
For Use of Aliens Arriving after June 29, 1906 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
Naturalization Service 

Notice to the Clerk of the Court : 

This form is to be used only where an alien arrived in this country 
after June 29, 1906. 

When an alien desires to petition for naturalization, this form should 
be given to him before he is permitted to file his petition, and the exe- 
cution of the petition for naturalization should not be commenced until 
the certificate of arrival is received liy the clerk of the court. The alien 
should be directed to complete the letter below and carefully fill in all 
the blanks in this form, as the information is necessary to obtain the 



SAMPLES OF CITIZENSHIP PAPERS 195 

certificate ol arrival, and will aid the clei'k of the court in filing the 
petition for naturalization. The alien should then mail this form to 
the Commissioner of Naturalization, Department of Labor, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

That official will at once take steps to obtain and forward to the 
clerk of court the certificate of arrival required by Section 4 of the act of 
June 29, 1906, to be attached to and made a part of the petition at the 
time of its filing. The statement of facts will also be forwarded to the 
clerk of the court. Notice will also be given to the alien that the cer- 
tificate has been sent to the clerk of the court named by him. 

Commissioner of Naturalization, 

U. S. Department of Labor, 
Washington, D. C. 
Sir : I came to this country after June 29, 1906. Please obtain a 
certificate showing my arrival in the United States and forward it to 
the Clerk of the 

(Give on these two lines title of court and city or town, and county and 
State where court is located in which the petition will be filed.) 

for filing as the law requires, with the petition for naturalization which 
I intend to file in that court. 

In the accompanying statement I have given the date I landed 
and the place of my arrival and shown the facts which will go in my 
petition for naturalization when it is filed. 

Respectfully, 



(Sign name in full.) 
(Give address here.) 



(Petitioner, if a widower, should give the name of his wife when 
living and state place of her birth ; if not married, he should enter 
" not " in first sentence. In both cases surplus words should be 
struck through.) 
He She 

was born in and 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

is now deceased, 
now resides at 



(City or town.) (Country.) 

I have child whose name date and 

place of birth, and place of residence are as follows: 



196 LESSONS IN DEMOCRACY 

, born day of , 1 ..... at ... . ; reside at 

, born day of , 1 ..... at .... ; reside at 

I am not a disbeliever in or opposed to organized government or a 
member of or affiliated with any organization or body of persons 
teaching disbelief in organized government. I am not a polygamist 
nor a believer in the practice of polygamy. I am attached to the 
principles of the Constitution of the United States, and it is my 
intention to become a citizen of the United States and to renounce 
absolutely and forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign 
prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and particularly to 

(Name.) (Title and country.) 

citizen, 
of whom at this time I am a subject, and it is my intention to reside 
permanently in the United States. 

I am able to speak the English language. 

I have resided continuously in the United States since the 

State 

day of ,1 , and in the Territory 

District 

since the day of , 1 

I have heretofore made petition for United States citizenship. 

If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, the 
facts required should be fully stated in the following blanks. 

I petitioned for citizenship to the Court at 

, on the 

(City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) 
day of 1 . . . . . which was denied for the following reasons : 



The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two witnesses, 
citizens of the United States, who have known you for at least five years, 
last past, as a resident of the State in which petition is made, who will 
make affidavit that you are a person of good moral character, that you 
are qualified in every way to be admitted a citizen of the United States, 
and who will be present at hearing. If you have been a resident of the 
State wherein you apply for citizenship for over one year, and elsewhere 
in the United States sufficiently long to complete a continuous residence 
therein of five years, you may establish your entire residence within the 
State by two witnesses, citizens of the United States, and your residence 
elsewhere in the United States by depositions of two witnesses, as pro- 
vided in Section 10 of the Naturalization Act of June 29, 1906. The 
witnesses named by you to establish your residence within the State 



SAMPLES OF CITIZENSHIP PAPERS 197 

must appear with you on the day you petition to the clerk of court and 
be sworn as witnesses at that time. 



(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence Address.) 



(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence Address.) 

I herewith present my Declaration of Intention to become a Citizen 
of the United States. 

NOTE TO THE APPLICANT FOR NATURALIZATION 

Please send your declaration of intention to the Bureau of Naturalization, 
with this application. It will be filed with the clerk of the court for you 
at the time the certificate of your arrival is sent to him. 



Printed in the United States of America. 



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